neighbourhoods to act and mobilize public, private and non-profit resources (Satterthwaite et al. 2020). Cities can rigorously assess risks to both social and physical resilience related to buildings, infrastructure and urban services, given the proximity of residents to industry and natural hazards. By explicitly recognizing the uneven social distribution of vulnerability and risk (across many dimensions of social difference and geographic scales; Mac Gregor et al. 2021), cities can take active measures to protect people who are most vulnerable through transformative or comprehensive community-led initiatives (Martin 2015; Satterthwaite et al. 2020). Urban places with thickly woven and well- resourced social fabrics and participatory approaches can ensure that all neighbourhoods – regardless of private wealth – have local organizations and facilities that foster social resilience, while preserving cultural heritage. This can support localized disaster relief and risk management planning, with better representation of all areas of the city in metro-wide sustainability and climate-response planning. It can also underpin caring for residents (human and non- humans) during extreme events (Steele, Mata and Fünfgeld 2015; McEwen et al. 2018). This dimension of integrated urban action will require overcoming barriers (chapter 2) to comprehensive resilience planning, where governance systems develop resistance to change, hindering flexibility and adaptability (Shatkin 2019).
There are four main areas of work to achieve resilient and sustainable cities: a) environmentally sustainable urban form, b) urban access and mobility, c) resilient built environments, and d) resilient urban societies and communities.
a) Environmentally sustainable urban form Building according to sustainable urban land-use patterns and densities, including mixed and socially inclusive districts and ecosystem services delivery, involves the following key strategies:
v Urban/metro growth boundary policies and expansion criteria to protect agricultural land, forests and wildlife habitats, ensuring the health of urban watersheds and guiding urban transportation infrastructure expansion to shape future urban form, land uses and connectivity (UNEP 2020b);
v Innovative regional transport systems (see section 4.2.2.b below) featuring protected rights-of-way for pedestrians and cyclists, all-electric vehicle fleets, mass transit systems and flexible, small-scale autonomous personal vehicles;
v Smart allocation of space freed up through reducing the role played by cars to urban parks and open spaces, paths, trails and natural habitats, including wildlife corridors;
v Proactive urban and regional planning through governance systems that can link different actors operating on this scale and empowered with resources and robust regulatory and legislative mechanisms;
v Participatory urban governance systems that provide a sound framework for developing pathways to change urban form (Hölscher et al. 2019) but that are open enough to foster movements for social change and technological innovation that address informality, particularly in the Global South (UNEP 2020c).
Transitional measures in this dimension include adopting urban plans for urban trees and forests, parks and open space, biodiversity, food security and the health of watersheds. Not only do these measures enhance resilience, they also protect public health (De Carvalho and Szlafsztein 2019; Gómez-Moreno et al. 2019; Guo et al. 2019; van Ryswyk et al. 2019). Experiments in cities from around the world – for example the participatory urban resilience programme of Chokwe in Mozambique (UN-Habitat 2017; Rockefeller Foundation 2019) – show how community governance and community development models can
Cities that Work for People and Planet 75
Hanoi © gettyimages/Marty Windle
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146
