32 Industrial Temperature Control at the Highest Level


Lauda Heating and Cooling Systems specialises in the manufacture of individual solutions based on customer requirements. In this respect, the experts from Lauda hold sway over a temperature range from -150 to 550°C which is required for production facilities in the pharmaceutical industry or test stations in the automotive sector. The temperature control specialist has now designed and manufactured a heat transfer system for a long-standing customer, one of the biggest German chemical companies.


The customer ordered a system which must reach a working temperature of 400°C without any problems. The heater is used in the field of materials research, in so-called scale-up tests and for the preparation of reactions which make such a high temperature essential. “Heat transfer systems with a working temperature range up to 350°C are part of the day-to-day business of Lauda,” said Project Manager Ralph Herbert. “The range up to 400°C is in the premier class.” However, this is increasingly in demand in the meantime, according to Ralph Herbert, because it allows more effective heat transfer, thereby enabling a higher throughput and optimisation of temperature-relevant production processes. Depending on the requisite outflow temperature and application area, these heat transfer systems use various types of thermal oils (silicone oil or eutectic mixtures). Generally speaking, they are electrically heated and generate a temperature-controlled liquid flow which heats the customer application in turn. A cooling option via heat exchanger can be integrated depending on requirement.


The particular feature of the jump from 350 to 400°C is that the engineers at Lauda have to deal with significantly higher working pressures. The stainless steel reactors used on the application side also have to withstand a higher load. “The maximum pressure in the heat transfer fluid circuit in normal heat transfer systems with thermal oils is 6 bar, but it increases up to 21 bar in the 400 degree systems, depending on the thermal oil used,” explained Ralph Herbert. This requires expertise in pipeline construction and the individual equipment components which not every manufacturer can offer.


Lauda manufactures heat transfer systems in this high temperature range several times a year. The team of engineers at Lauda A is currently planning thermal oil systems with a maximum working temperature of up to 430°C. The system was completed on schedule for the customer from the chemical industry, inspected and approved in the test bed at Lauda and then commissioned on site together with the customer.


More information online: ilmt.co/PL/6kV3 50796pr@reply-direct.com


Fast and Robust Ammonium Determination According to Current ISO, EPA, and ASTM Standards


Determination of ammonium is one of the most crucial applications for sectors such as water and wastewater analysis, fertilisers, and others. Metrohm Application Bulletin AB-133 describes the determination of Ammonium by ion measurement according to ISO 6778, EPA 359.2, EPA 305.3, and ASTM D1426. Tips & Tricks on how on how to deal with possible interferences, sample preparation, and handling of the ammonia ion selective electrode are also covered.


While there exist photometric methods for ammonium, they are rather time consuming (up to 90 min. reaction time). Moreover, photometric determination in opaque solutions is always a challenge. Determination by direct measurement using an ion selective electrode, on the other hand, is faster and more robust. Hence, measurements can be easily performed in wastewater, liquid fertiliser, and urine as well as in soil extracts.


Determination of ammonia in ammonium salts, of the nitric acid content in nitrates, and of the nitrogen content of organic compounds with the ion- selective ammonia electrode is based on the principle that the ammonium ion is released as ammonia gas upon addition of excess caustic soda: NH4


+ + OH– → NH3 + H2 O


The outer membrane of the electrode allows the ammonia to diffuse through. The change in the pH value of the inner electrolyte solution is monitored by a combined glass electrode. If the substance to be measured is not present in the form of an ammonium salt, it must first be converted into such a salt. To this end, organic nitrogen compounds, especially amino compounds are digested according to Kjeldahl by heating with concentrated sulphuric acid. The carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide in the process while the organic nitrogen is transformed quantitatively into ammonium sulphate.


More information online: ilmt.co/PL/moqp 49852pr@reply-direct.com


Why Pyrex® Pyrex®


? glassware has been manufactured in the UK since 1923. SciLabware has gained almost a century of expertise, experience and knowledge in the manufacturing


processes and techniques required to manufacture laboratory glassware to a consistently high quality. By the continual monitoring of manufacturing processes and procedures, SciLabware ensure that products are manufactured to comply with the highest product standards.


Here are just some of the many features of Pyrex® laboratory glassware that makes it the obvious choice for your laboratory: Excellent temperature properties – The quality of manufacture of Pyrex® hence suitable for a variety of applications. Glass can break very easily when subjected to heating or cooling. The high silica content (over 80%), gives Pyrex®


glassware makes products safe to use over a very wide temperature range (-192ºC to +500ºC) and glass a low


borosilicate glass is extremely chemically resistant to most acids, alkalis and solvents so is safe and durable to use in a wide range of laboratory applications. Uniform wall thickness - When heated, the uniform wall thickness of Pyrex®


co-efficient of expansion (3.3x10-6K-1). This means that the glass is less likely to break, as it expands or contracts very little when heated or cooled. High chemical resistance - Pyrex®


glassware permits the even distribution of heat throughout the vessel allowing the glass to


expand at a stable consistent rate, thus reducing the risk of breakage and extending product life. Glassware with an irregular wall thickness is more likely to break when heated, as the thicker and thinner areas of glass will heat up and expand at different rates causing uneven heat transmission and the glass to crack – this is known as thermal shock, which is one of the main contributing causes of glass breaking when being heated.


Properly annealed glass - Reduces the risk of breakage due to thermal and mechanical shock (minor knocks sustained during use), thereby extending the service life of the glassware.


For more information on the SciLabware Pyrex® More information online: ilmt.co/PL/BM5e


laboratory glassware range and to learn more on how it can help you in your work please visit the website. 50186pr@reply-direct.com


Versatile Density Meter Combines Accuracy and Economy


Density is a key factor for quality control and metering of liquid products. Electronic density meters provide the most effective means of measurement by calculating the length of vibration in a hollow tube filled with sample. Most laboratory density meters have a side mount sample injection inlet. It is well suited for automatic sampler connection, but manually injecting sample with a syringe could easily foul the leak-proof connection affixed to the measuring cell. Furthermore, careless handling can damage the measuring cell itself, resulting in costly repairs.


The measuring cell on the VIP-2MP from Termex is located on a ‘floating’ suspension with a flexible connection to the injection inlet on the front panel by PTFE tubes. This design eliminates the possibility of depressurisation and sample leaks inside the instrument. The ‘soft’ suspension of the measuring cell ensures less chance of damage during transportation or instrument operation for mobile laboratories.


The VIP-2MP density meter provides ±0.0001 g/mL accuracy and, thanks to its unique sensor design, is a lightweight, compact, and inexpensive instrument with low power consumption, making it ideal for routine density measurement tasks.


More information online: ilmt.co/PL/dDZR and ilmt.co/PL/yOZL 49907pr@reply-direct.com


INTERNATIONAL LABMATE - FEBRUARY 2020


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