López-Torres and Silcox—European Paromomyidae


1 Presence of posterocone on I1 (ordered) 2 Relative height anterocone/mediocone on I1


Table 3. Descriptions of dental characters. Upper incisors


0: Anterocone taller than mediocone; 1: Mediocone taller than anterocone 0: Absent; 1: Present 3 Presence of P2 Upper premolars


4 Presence of metacone on P4 5 Presence of a molariform P4


6 Presence of precingulum on P4 7 Presence of parastyle on P4 8 Shape of P4 (ordered)


0: Absent; 1: Present 0: Absent; 1: Present


0: P4 with a metacone significantly smaller than the paracone and no expanded distolingual basin; 1: P4 with a metacone approaching in size to the paracone and an expanded distolingual basin 0: Absent; 1: Present 0: Absent; 1: Present


9 Mesial parastylar expansion on P4 10 Acuteness of P4 cusps


0: T-shaped; 1: Triangular; 2: Quadrangular


12 Depth of distolingual basin on M1-2 13 Presence of conules on M1-2 (ordered) 14 Parastylar expansion on M1-2 15 Outline of M1


11 Height of postprotocingulum on P4 Upper molars


16 Depth of trigon basin on M1-2 Lower canine


19 Presence of C1 Lower premolars


20 Presence of P2 21 Presence of P3


22 Trigonid/talonid width proportion on P4 23 P4/M1 width proportion


27 Relative mesiodistal length of P4 to M1 28 Morphology of the hypoflexid


29 Presence of paracristid


25 Presence of a mesial bulge in the base of the P4 protoconid 0: Absent; 1: Present 26 P4/M1 area proportion


24 Width at the base of the P4 protoconid


31 Presence of a crest connecting the protoconid and the hypoflexid fold (prehypoflexid cristid)


Lower molars 32 Length of trigonid


34 Presence of distal cingulid on M1 andM2 35 Presence of hypoconulid on M1 andM2


33 Shape of the protocristid on M1


36 Presence of buccal cingulid on M1 andM2 trigonids 37 Presence of buccal cingulid on M1 andM2 talonids 38 Shape of the M1 trigonid basin


41 Relative height of the protoconid compared to the metaconid on M1


entoconid on M1 42 Presence of paraconid on M2


43 Distinctiveness of theM2 paraconid relative to theM1 paraconid


44 Relative height of the paraconid compared to the metaconid on M2


45 Relative height of the hypoconid compared to the entoconid on M2


47 Acuteness of cusps


48 Molar enamel roughness inside the basin of M3 49 Presence of M3 paraconid


0: Trigonids become less mesiodistally compressed fromM1 to M3, or there is no change; 1: Trigonids become more mesiodistally compressed fromM1 to M3


0: V-shaped; 1: Slightly concave 0: Absent; 1: Present 0: Absent; 1: Present 0: Absent; 1: Present 0: Absent; 1: Present


39 Mesial inflection of theM1 andM2 trigonids (ordered) 0: Absent/weak; 1: Somewhat pronounced; 2: Very pronounced 40 Relative height of the hypoconid compared to the


0: Semicircular; 1: Squared; 2: Triangular


0: Hypoconid taller than entoconid; 1: Subequal; 2: Entoconid taller than hypoconid 0: Protoconid taller than metaconid; 1: Subequal; 2: Metaconid taller than protoconid 0: Absent; 1: Present


46 Relative height of the protoconid compared to the metaconid on M2


51 Relative height of the protoconid compared to the metaconid on M3


50 Relative height of the hypoconid compared to the entoconid on M3


52 M3 trigonid basin area 53 Morphology of theM3 hypoconulid lobe


0: Comparably distinct to theM1 paraconid; 1: Less distinct than theM1 paraconid 0: Paraconid lower than metaconid; 1: Paraconid subequal of taller than metaconid 0: Hypoconid taller than entoconid; 1: Subequal; 2: Entoconid taller than hypoconid 0: Protoconid taller than metaconid; 1: Subequal; 2: Metaconid taller than protoconid 0: Relatively acute; 1: Blunter


0: Smooth; 1: Crenulated 0: Absent; 1: Present


0: Hypoconid taller than entoconid; 1: Subequal; 2: Entoconid taller than hypoconid 0: Protoconid taller than metaconid; 1: Subequal; 2: Metaconid taller than protoconid 0: Small basin, straight at the front; 1: Expansive trigonid basin, curved at the front


30 Relative length of the talonid compared to the length of the tooth


0: Relatively short talonid (less than 26% of the tooth length); 1: Relatively long talonid (more than 26% of the tooth length) 0: Absent; 1: Present


0: Present; 1: Absent 0: Present; 1: Absent


0: Present; 1: Absent 0: Present; 1: Absent


0: Talonid as wide as or wider than trigonid; 1: Talonid narrower than trigonid 0: P4 narrower thanM1;1:P4 of approximately the same with as M1


0: P4 shorter thanM1;1:P4 equal or longer thanM1 0: Distinct, deep; 1: Not distinct, shallow


0: Narrowly based protoconid; 1: Broadly based protoconid 0: Small P4 area compared to M1 area; 1: Similar


17 Presence of postmetaconule crista on M1-2 18 Expansion of mesiolabial corner on M3


0: Projecting beyond the mesial border; 1: Not projecting. 0: Acute; 1: Bulbous


0: Low (crest dips closer to the roots); 1: High (crest stays near the tip of the protocone in height) 0: Shallow; 1: Deep


0: Both conules present; 1: Metaconules absent; 2: Both conules absent 0: No expansion; 2: Expanded


0: Squared; 1: Rectangular and narrow 0: Shallow; 1: Deep 0: Absent; 1: Present


0: Not expanded, buccal border is straight; 1: Expanded


931


0: From a distal view, the central occlusal surface is taller than the sides; 1: from a distal view, the medial and later edges are taller than the central occlusal surface


Results of the phylogenetic analysis.—In the tree from Analysis 1, Arcius is found to be monophyletic, with A. fuscus and A. lapparenti forming a clade. Arcius rougieri appears as the sister


group to the A. fuscus-A. lapparenti clade. Arcius zbyszewskii is placed as the most basal European paromomyid, which agrees with the inference by Estravís (2000) that A. zbyszewskii is a


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