Uchman et al.—New vermetid attachment trace from a Miocene rocky coast Recent vermetids live in tropical and temperate marine
waters between 44°N and 44°S, where they can form small reefs (Safriel, 1975; Schiaparelli and Cattaneo-Vietti, 1999; Silenzi et al., 2004; Schiaparelli et al., 2006). Generally, the period between 17Ma and 15Ma (Pińczów Formation, which can be related to the late phase of this because the overlying Miocene series is dated to NN5–NN6; see Radwański and Górka, 2008) is referred to the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, which is characterized by global warmth, high content of CO2 in the atmosphere, and a significant decrease in the Antarctic icecap (Foster et al., 2012). As evidenced by data on echinoids, the temperature rose up to tropical levels (sea surface temperatures 16–17°C during winter and up 28°C during summer) from the Karpatian (late Burdigalian) stage to the early Badenian optimum for the Central Paratethys, but the Carpathian Foredeep remained in the temperate climate zone (Kroh, 2007). However, data on facies from the eastern part of the Carpathian Foredeep (Stebnyk Formation, Ukraine) suggest that the increase in temperature also touched this region (Oszczypko et al., 2016). Only local, colder waters related to an upwelling are interpreted for the Paratethys sea at that time (Key et al., 2013). According to Bałuk and Radwański (1977), the slightly younger biota of the nearby Korytnica Clay (NN6) suggests tropical or subtropical environment. However, common occur- rences of echinoids and large foraminifera in the lower Badenian deposits that purportedly might suggest thermal conditions typical of subtropical or tropical climate are questioned by some authors. Studencki (1999) and Randazzo et al. (1999) suggested that paleo-temperature in the Paratethys basin during that time was rather typical of moderate climatic zones, on the border with the subtropical zone. This is suggested by poorly developed coral reefs, scarcity of green algae, and inorganic calcareous grains, especially ooids. According to Studencki (1999) and Randazzo et al. (1999), red algae, bryozoans, and mollusks that are very common in the lower Badenian deposits are typical of the rhodalgal biolithofacies, which occurs in Recent moderate climatic zones (e.g., near the coast of Scotland). Studencki (1999) postulated that the strong expansion of fauna known from the Korytnica Clay and the Heterostegina Sand, including large mollusks and large foraminifera, was a local effect of peculiar topographic conditions during the climatic optimum. The latitude of Skotniki (recently N50°25') during sedimentation of the gravelstone might be lower by 10° or more (e.g., Vrielynck et al., 1997). This, in coincidence with the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, suggests that the temperature of waters in the Paratethys Sea on the northern margin of the Carpathian Foredeep was higher at that time than the Atlantic waters in the same latitudes at present. Such waters were inhabited by vermetid gastropods, the shells of which are preserved and have small traces of Renichnus and the larger trace Spirolites n. igen.
Conclusions
Spirolites radwanskii is a new ichnogenus and ichnospecies of a spiral bioerosion trace in a Miocene rocky (limestone) substrate. Its morphological features (initial dipping into the rock, increasing in size, steep emerging from the substrate, second- order annuli, direction of coiling, erosion of the former part)
893
point to vermetid gastropods as the trace makers, resembling the recent Dendropoma. The trace fossil occurs within the Entobia ichnofacies and was produced in very shallow, warm, and clean waters in the Miocene rocky shore of the Paratethys Sea of the Carpathian Foredeep.
Acknowledgments
Jagiellonian University (DSC funds, no DS/MND/WbiNoZ/ ING/2/2013) supported the studies by M.S. on the Miocene rocks in the Carpathian Foredeep; (DS funds K/ZDS/005424 for A.U.). A previous version of the paper benefitted from critical reviews of M. Wisshak and M. Wilson.
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