708
Journal of Paleontology 92(4):681–712 Genus Uperocrinus Meek and Worthen, 1865
Type species.—Actinocrinites pyriformis Shumard, 1855; by original designation.
Other species.—Early Viséan species of Uperocrinus include U. marinus (Miller and Gurley, 1890), U. nashvillae, and U. robustus. Uperocrinus marinus is confined to the Edwardsville Formation of Montgomery County, Indiana; and U. robustus is only recognized from the Fort Payne Formation, as detailed below. Uperocrinus nashvillae is more geographically wide- spread, as noted below. See Ausich and Kammer (2010) for full list of Uperocrinus species.
Diagnosis.—Calyx shape expanding with concave sides or low to medium cone shaped; basal concavity absent; calyx as high as or higher than tegmen; calyx plates smooth or rarely nodose; median ray ridges absent; plate sutures commonly distinct; basal plates high (rarely low), truncate or with a proximal expansion; radial plates high; first primibrachial tetragonal; rays lobate, slightly to well developed; regular interrays typically in contact with tegmen (but rarely and primitively not in contact); CD interray in contact with tegmen; tegmen flat to low inverted cone or low inverted bowl; tegmen plates smooth, convex, or nodose; anal tube cylindrical; arm facets face upward (<30˚) or obli- quely upward (30˚–60˚); free arms 14–20, unbranched, not spatulate distally (from Ausich and Kammer, 2010).
Occurrence.—Uperocrinus is known only from the late Tour- naisian to early Viséan (early to late Osagean) of North America.
Remarks.—Characters used to diagnose species of Uperocrinus are width of basal sutures relative to radial plates, relative number of many plates in the regular and posterior interrays, intraray plating between halfrays, and orientation of arm facets.
Uperocrinus nashvillae (Hall, 1858) Figure 11.5, 11.6
1849 Actinocrinites Nashvillæ Troost, p. 419 (nomen nudum).
1858 Actinocrinus nashvillæ, Hall, p. 609, pl. 15, fig. 4, pl. 6, figs. 4a, b, fig. 92.
1897 Actinocrinites Nashvillæ (Troost); Wachsmuth and Springer, p. 435, pl. 31, fig. 1.
1958 Uperocrinus nashvillae (Troost); Lane, p. 235, pl. 7, fig. 2.
1978a Uperocrinus nashvillae (Troost); Ubaghs, fig. 155.1.
2013 Uperocrinus nashvillae (Hall, 1858); Webster and Webster, p. 2581.
Complete synonymy list in Supplemental Data 2.
Holotype.—The holotype of Uperocrinus nashvillae is UI X-1207.
Diagnosis.—Basal sutures flush with surrounding plates; many plates in regular and posterior interrays; intraray plate between half-rays; arm facets horizontal.
Occurrence.—The holotype of Uperocrinus nashvillae was described from the Keokuk Limestone, Warsaw, Hancock County, Illinois. This species is now recognized from the fol- lowing early Viséan formations: (1) Fort Payne Formation in Clinton, Cumberland, and Russell counties, Kentucky; Davidson (Whites Creek Springs), Lawrence (Krivicich et al., 2013, Localities 5 and 6), and Pickett counties, Tennessee; and Limestone (Krivicich et al., 2013, Locality 3) and Madison (Krivicich et al., 2013, Locality 2) counties, Alabama; and (3) the Keokuk Limestone at Hamilton, Nauvoo, and Warsaw, Hancock County, Illinois, and at Keokuk, Lee County, Iowa. In the Fort Payne Formation of south-central Kentucky and
north-central Tennessee, Uperocrinus nashvillae is known from the following facies: crinoidal packstone buildup facies at Cave Springs North, Cave Springs South, Gross Creek, and Gross Creek West; wackestone buildup facies at Owens Branch; sheet- form packstone facies at Cove Creek, Seventy-Six Falls, Wolf Creek/Caney Fork Confluence, 61D, 61DW, and 61RS.
Description.—Calyx medium cone shape, height to width ratio 0.63–1.0 (mean=0.86), widest at arm openings, concave from basals to arm openings (Fig. 11.6), outline of calyx at level of arm openings moderately pentalobate. Basal rim formed from elongated transverse nodes of basal
plate that extend horizontally; sutures between basals and all other plates flush. Plate sculpturing smooth. Basal circlet 15– 39% of calyx height (mean=24%). Basal plates three, equal in size, sculpture as noted above. Radial circlet 23–36% of calyx height (mean=28%). Radials five, wider than high, sculpture as noted above. Regular interrays in contact with tegmen, plating 1-2-2-2; first interradial plate slightly higher than wide, shape commonly hexagonal, rarely septangonal. Primanal septagonal, as wider than high, plating commonly
P-3-3-2, rarely P-3-5-4, in contact with tegmen. First primibrachial wider than high, approximately equal in
size to second primibrachial; second primibrachial axillary; two secundibrachials, last fixed brachials in tertibrachitaxis; intrar- adial plate between half-rays, higher than wide, hexagonal in shape; free arm facets horizontal. Tegmen very low inverted cone from arm openings to base
of anal tube, plates nodose, anal tube shape unknown from Fort Payne material (Fig. 11.5). Free arms commonly 20, distal arms unknown from Fort
Payne material. Measurements.—See Supplemental Table 8.
Materials.—Troost’s specimen that would have been a type is USNM 39894. The following are new Fort Payne Formation specimens from this study USNM 639952–USNM 639954, OSU 54528–OSU 54539, and CMC IP76409–CMC IP76418.
Remarks.—Uperocrinus nashvillae is characterized by basal sutures flush with surrounding plates; many plates in regular and posterior interrays; intraray plate between half-rays; arm facets
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