Vera—Eocene archeopithecids from Patagonia


Diagnosis.—Archaeopithecus differ from Notopithecus in having a taller cranium and longer rostrum, moderate-sized tympanic bullae, not reduced jugal and external expansion of lacrimal; the symphysis is very short and wide and the man- dibular bone is robust. The dentition is complete, rooted and brachydont, but relatively higher-crowned than in other brachydont early notoungulates, such as notopithecids and oldfieldthomasiids. Archaeopithecus differs from notopithecids, oldfieldthomasiids and interatheres in having conical upper and lower incisors and canines, and short diastemata between these teeth and P1. P1 is not reduced and has parastyle, differing from notopithecids, Notostylops and Oldfieldthomasia. P/p1 are not overlapped by C/c and P/p2 and lowers molars with a reduced paralophid, differing from typotherians.Alingual sulcus divides protocone in two lobes in P3–4, differing from Notopithecus and Antepithecus. Upper molars are approximately square in young specimens (TD~MDD), but the transverse diameter increases towards the base, becoming rectangular (TD>MDD) when worn. M1–M2 have hypocone lingually more developed than the protocone (like in Transpithecus). M3 has hypocone, unlike notopithecids, oldfieldthomasiids and other Eocene notoungulates. P4–M3 are characterized by having a central fossette with a mesiodistally elongated section and a narrow labial projection, which becomes an isolated ‘third labial’ fossette with wear (likemolars of Archaeohyrax suniensis). Lower incisors have non-procumbent implantation, unlike Notostylops,and thereis no groove in i1, differing from notopithecids. p2–4 haveawell- developed protostylid fold, unlike Notopithecus, Antepithecus, Notostylops and oldfieldthomasiids. Archaeopithecus has a well-developed postmetacristid on p3–4, a feature shared by notopithecids, but not by oldfieldthomasiids, hericosborniids and notostylopids. Archaeopithecus contrasts with other Eocene notougulates by having lower molars with a well-developed entostylid (shared with Pleurostylodon) and a deep hypoflexid on talonid of m3 (except Henricosbornia).


Remarks.—Diagnosis emended from Ameghino (1897) and Simpson (1967b).


Archaeopithecus rogeri Ameghino, 1897 Figures 2–5


1897 Notopithecus fossulatus Ameghino, p. 18, figs. 6a–d. 1901 Archaeopithecus alternans Ameghino, p. 359. 1901 Archaeopithecus rigidus Ameghino, p. 359. 1902 Adpithecus plenus Ameghino, p. 8. 1903 Acropithecus tersus Ameghino, p. 194. 1903 Acropithecus plenus; Ameghino, p. 195.


1283


1904 Archaeopithecus rigidus; Ameghino, figs. 403–405. 1904 Acropithecus tersus; Ameghino, figs. 231, 280. 1967b Archaeopithecus fossulatus; Simpson, p. 64 (part). 1967b Acropithecus rigidus; Simpson, p. 65.


Holotype.—MACN-A 10816, maxillary fragment with right P1–M2 (Fig. 2.1). This specimen lacks locality data, but it probably comes from south of Colhué Huapi lake, Chubut Province (Simpson, 1967b).


Diagnosis.—As for the genus, by monotypy.


Materials.—Materials are listed below by locality. Bajo Palangana.—MGP 29056, left m3 and right m1?;


MGP 31657, right m2?; MGP 31658, right dentary m2–3 and left M3; MGP 31663, left maxilla with broken M1–2; MGP 31717, right maxilla M2 (broken); MGP 31718, right upper molar, broken;MGP 31719, left lower molar;MGP 31720, right lower molar; MGP 31727, right m3; MGP 31729, right M1?; MGP 31753, right P3?; MGP 31759, left m2?; MGP 31763, left upper premolar; MGP 31767, right m1?; MGP 31768, right molar; MGP 31769, left P3?; MGP 31777, left P3?; MLP 34- V-22-7, right M2?; MLP 61-VIII-3-145, left maxilla P2–3?; MLP 61-VIII-3-146, left maxilla P3–M1; MLP 61-VIII-3-148, left maxilla P2–M2; MLP 61-VIII-3-176, right maxilla P4–M2; MLP 61-VIII-3-177, left maxilla P4–M2. Bahía Solano.—MGP 31595, right M2?; MGP 31596,


right m2?; MGP 31597, left m1?;MGP 31598, right m2?; MGP 31599, left m3; MGP 31600, left P3; MGP 31601, left m2?; MGP31602, recently erupted left lower molar;MGP 31603, left m3; MGP 31604, left talonid m3; MGP 31605, broken right upper premolar; MGP 31606, left P3?; MGP 31607, right m1?. Northeast Cabeza Blanca.—AMNH FM 28824, right


maxilla P4–M2;AMNHFM28871, isolated left M1?, M3?, two right upper molars; AMNH FM 28872, isolated left p4 and m3, and right molar; MLP 79-I-17-10, right maxilla P4–M2; MLP 79-I-17-12, right maxilla P3–M2; MLP 79-I-17-20, right maxilla P4–M2; MLP 79-I-17-22, right maxilla P3–M3; MLP 79-I-17-36, left P3?; MLP 79-I-17-37, left P4?; MLP 79-I- 17-41, left maxillaM1–2; MLP79-I-17-48, left maxilla P4–M2; MLP 79-I-17-50, left maxilla P4–M2. Campo Muriette.—MLP 61-VIII-3-425 to 446, 3 upper


premolars, 8 upper molars, 3 lower premolars, 7 lower molars; MLP 66-V-10-4, left M2?; MLP 66-V-10-19, right m3. Cañadón Hondo.—AMNH FM 28534, right maxilla M1–


M2; MACN-A 10824a, left dentary p4–m1 and rows p3 and m2; MMdP-M 727, right maxilla P1–M3. Cañadón Blanco.—MLP 12-1529, left m2?.


Figure 4. Archaeopithecus rogeri.(1) MMdP-M 727, maxillary fragment with right P1–M3, occlusal view; (2) MNH CAS 739, maxillary fragment with right P3–M2, occlusal view; (3) AMNH FM 28841, maxillary fragment with left P2–3?, occlusal view; (4) MLP 93-XI-22-16a, right P4, occlusal view; (5) MACN- PV 11237, maxillary fragment with left M1–2, occlusal view; (6) MGP 31362, maxillary fragment with right M1–3, occlusal view; (7) MLP 93-XI-22-3, left P4 and upper molar, occlusal view; (8) AMNH FM 28534, maxillary fragment with right M1–M2, occlusal view; (9) MACN-A 10831, right upper molar, left M1? and two right M3, occlusal view; (10) MGP 31595, right M2?, occlusal view; (11) MACN-A 10847, left M3, occlusal view; (12) AMNH 28827, maxillary fragment with left P4–M2, occlusal view; (13) MPEF 1580b, maxillary fragment with M1–3, occlusal view; (14) AMNH FM 28840, dentary with left p4–m2, occlusal view; (15) AMNH FM 28705, dentary with left p3–m1 and right p2–3, occlusal view; (16) AMNH FM 28801, dentary with left p3–m1, occlusal and labial views; (17) MACN-A 10841c, dentary with left m1–2, occlusal view; (18) MLP 93-XI-22-16b, left lower molar, occlusal view; (19) MLP 93-XI-22-3a, dentary with right m1–2, occlusal view; (20) AMNH FM 28884d, dentary with right m1–3, occlusal view; (21) PVL 163, dentary with left m1–3, occlusal view; (22) MGP 29028, dentary with right m2–3, occlusal view; (23) MGP 31599, left m3; (24) MLP 66-V-10-19, dentary with right m3, occlusal view. Abbreviations in the text. Scale bar is 5mm.


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