1242


Journal of Paleontology 91(6):1228–1243


pseudodont sea turtle not directly ancestral to any of the living forms. Probably the evolutionary center of living cheloniid turtles was in the Indo-Pacific region, where the oldest turtle convincingly referable to the crown cheloniids has been repor- ted from lower Miocene strata along the eastern margin of the Pacific basin (Brinkman, 2009). This conclusion also is sup- ported by the fact that the most basal of the living cheloniid sea turtles, N. depressus, occurs only in the vicinity of Australia, and there is no evidence that it ever was present in any other part of the world ocean (Zangerl et al., 1988). By early in the Pliocene, four of the five living cheloniid


genera (Caretta, Chelonia, Eretmochelys, and Lepidochelys) had migrated into the North Atlantic basin (Dodd and Morgan, 1992). Even so, Trachyaspis lardyi continued to persist there well into the Pliocene despite the arrival of these new competi- tors (Zug, 2001). It is possible that it persisted in this region entirely through the Pliocene, because T. lardyi is known to have persisted into the late Pliocene in Italy (Villa and Raineri, 2015). By the Pleistocene, however, T. lardyi apparently was extinct, and the sea turtle fauna of the North Atlantic basin took on its present complexion.


Acknowledgments


The authors would like to thank J. ParhamandW. Joyce for their thorough review of this paper and their excellent suggestions for its improvement.A special note of thanks also is due to W. Joyce for running a phylogenetic analysis for us using TNT.Without his generous help, this paper could not have reached fruition.


References


Brinkman, D., 2009, A sea turtle skull (Cheloniidae: Carettini) from the lower Miocene Nye Formation of Oregon, U.S.A.: Paludicola, v. 7, p. 39–46.


Brinkman, D., Aquillon-Martinez, M.C., De Leon Dávila, C.A., Jamniczky, H., Eberth, D.A., and Colbert, M., 2009, Euclastes coahuilaensis sp. nov., a basal cheloniid turtle from the late Campanian Cerro del Pueblo Formation of Coahuila State, Mexico: PaleoBios, v. 28, p. 76–88.


Casier, E., 1968, Le squelette cephalique de Eochelone brabantica L. Dollo, du Bruxellien (Lutetien inférieur) de Belgique, et sa comparison avec de Chelone mydas Linné: Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre, v. 44, p. 1–22.


Cope, E.D., 1873, Toxochelys latiremis: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, v. 1873, p. 10.


Dodd, C.K. Jr., and Morgan, G.S., 1992, Fossil sea turtles fromthe early Pliocene Bone Valley Formation, central Florida: Journal of Herpetology, v. 26, no. 1, p. 1–8.


Dollo, L., 1886, Première note sur les Chéloniens landéniens (Eocène inférieur) de la Belgique: Bulletin du Musée royal d’histoire naturelle de Belgique, v. 4, p. 129–142.


Dollo, L., 1903, Eochelone brabantica, Tortue marine nouvelle du Bruxellien (Eocène moyen) de la Belgique: Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences, Académie Royale de Belgique, v. 8, p. 792–801.


Eschscholtz, J.F. von, 1829, Zoologischer Atlas, enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, während des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter Reise um dieWelt, auf Russich-Kaiserlich Kreigsschupp Predpriaetë in den Jahren 1823–1826: Berlin, G. Reimer, 17 p.


Gaffney, E.S., 1975,Aphylogeny and classification of the higher categories of turtles: Bulletin of the AmericanMuseum of Natural History, v. 155, p. 391–436.


Gaffney, E.S., 1979, Comparative cranial morphology of recent and fossil turtles: American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, v. 164, p. 65–376.


Garman, S., 1880, On certain species of Chelonioidae: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, v. 6, p. 123–126.


Geisler, J.H., Sanders, A.E., and Luo, Z.-X., 2005, A new protocetid whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the late middle Eocene of South Carolina: American Museum of Natural History Novitates, v. 480, p. 1–65.


Gibbes, R.W., 1845, Description of the teeth of a new fossil animal found in the Green Sand of South Carolina: Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, v. 2, p. 254–256.


Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J., and Nixon, K., 2008, A free program for phylogenetic analysis: Cladistics, v. 24, p. 774–786.


Gray, J.E., 1831, Synopsis Reptilium; or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part I.—Cataphracta. Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Enaliosaurians: London, Treuttel, Wurtz, and Company, 85 p.


Hay, O.P., 1908, Fossil turtles of North America: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 75, p. 1–568.


Hay, O.P., 1923a, Characteristics of sundry fossil vertebrates; Part VII, New fossil turtle from Eocene marl of South Carolina: Pan-American Geologist, v. 39, p. 119–120.


Hay, O.P., 1923b, Oligocene sea turtles of South Carolina: Pan-American Geologist, v. 40, p. 29–31.


Hirayama, R., and Tong, H., 2003, Osteopygis (Testudines: Cheloniidae from the Lower Tertiary of the Ouled Abdoun Phosphate Basin, Morocco: Palaeontology, v. 46, p. 845–856. doi: 10.1111/1475-4983.00322.


Joyce, W.G., Parham, J.F., and Gauthier, J.A., 2004, Developing a protocol for the conversion of rank–based taxon names to phylogenetically defined clade names, as exemplified by turtles: Journal of Paleontology, v. 78, p. 989–1013.


Laurenti, J.N., 1768, Specimen medicum, exhibens synopin reptilium emenda- tam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium Austriacorum: Vienna, Austria, Trattner, 214 p.


Leidy, J., 1851, [Several fossils from the Greensand of New Jersey]: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 5, p. 329–330.


Linnaeus, C., 1758, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus & differentiis. Editio decima, reformata. Tom. I: Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 824 p.


Linnaeus, C., 1766, Systema Naturae, vol. 1 (twelfth edition): Holmia, Laurentius Salvius, 532 p.


Lynch, S.C., and Parham, J.F., 2003, The first report of hard-shelled sea turtles (Cheloniidae sensu lato) from the Miocene of California, including a new species (Euclastes hutchisoni) with unusually plesiomorphic characters: PaleoBios, v. 23, p. 21–35.


Maslin, M.A., Haug, G.H., Sarnthein, M., and Tiedermann, R., 1996, The progressive intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation as seen from the North Pacific: Geologische Rundschau, v. 85, p. 452–465.


Meyer, H. von, 1843, Mittheilungen an Prof. Bronn gerichtet: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde, v. 1843, p. 698–704.


Moody, R.T.J., 1968, A turtle, Eochelys crassicostata (Owen) from the London Clay of Isle of Sheppey: Proceedings of the Geological Association, v. 79, p. 129–140.


Moody, R.T.J., 1970, A revision of the taxonomy and morphology of certain Eocene Cheloniidae [Ph.D. thesis]: London, University of London, 307 p.


Moody, R.T.J., 1974, The taxonomy and morphology of Puppigerus camperi (Gray), an Eocene sea-turtle from northern Europe: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology, v. 25, p. 153–186.


Moody, R.T.J., 1997, The paleogeography of marine and coastal turtles of the North Atlantic and Trans-Saharan regions, in Callaway, J.M., and Nicholls, E.L., eds., Ancient Marine Reptiles: San Diego, Academic Press, p. 259–278.


Naro-Maciel, E., Le, M., Fitzsimmons, N.N., and Amato, G., 2008, Evolutionary relationships of marine turtles: a molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, v. 49, p. 659–662.


Nessov, L.A., 1987, The Paleogene sea turtles of southern Kazakhstan and the phylogenetic relationships between the Toxochelyidae and the Cheloniidae: Paleontological Journal, no. 4, p. 73–84.


Nicholls, E.L., 1988, New material of Toxochelys latiremis Cope, and a revision of the genus Toxochelys (Testudines, Chelonioidea): Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 8, p. 181–187.


Owen, R., 1849, A History of British Fossil Reptiles, Pt. 1. Chelonia: London, The Palaeontographical Society, 79 p.


Parham, J.F., 2005, A reassessment of the referral of sea turtle skulls to Osteopygis (Late Cretaceous, New Jersey, USA): Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 25, p. 71–77.


Parham, J.F., and Fastovsky, D.E., 1997, The phylogeny of cheloniid sea turtles revisited: Chelonian Conservation and Biology, v. 2, p. 548–554.


Parham, J.F., and Pyenson, N.D., 2010, New sea turtle from the Miocene of Peru and the iterative evolution of feeding ecomorphologies since the Cretaceous: Journal of Paleontology, v. 84, p. 231–247.


Parham, J.F., Otero, R.A., and Suárez, M.E., 2014, A sea turtle skull from the Cre- taceous of Chile with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of Euclastes (formerly Osteopygis): Cretaceous Research, v. 49, p. 181–189.


Prothero, D. R., Ivany, L.C., and Nesbitt, E.A., 2003, From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene–Oligocene Transition: New York, Columbia University Press, 560 p.


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164  |  Page 165  |  Page 166  |  Page 167  |  Page 168  |  Page 169  |  Page 170  |  Page 171  |  Page 172  |  Page 173  |  Page 174  |  Page 175  |  Page 176  |  Page 177  |  Page 178  |  Page 179  |  Page 180  |  Page 181  |  Page 182  |  Page 183  |  Page 184  |  Page 185  |  Page 186  |  Page 187  |  Page 188  |  Page 189  |  Page 190  |  Page 191  |  Page 192  |  Page 193  |  Page 194  |  Page 195  |  Page 196  |  Page 197  |  Page 198  |  Page 199  |  Page 200  |  Page 201  |  Page 202  |  Page 203  |  Page 204  |  Page 205  |  Page 206  |  Page 207  |  Page 208  |  Page 209  |  Page 210  |  Page 211  |  Page 212  |  Page 213  |  Page 214  |  Page 215  |  Page 216  |  Page 217  |  Page 218  |  Page 219  |  Page 220  |  Page 221  |  Page 222  |  Page 223  |  Page 224  |  Page 225  |  Page 226  |  Page 227  |  Page 228  |  Page 229  |  Page 230  |  Page 231  |  Page 232  |  Page 233  |  Page 234  |  Page 235  |  Page 236  |  Page 237  |  Page 238  |  Page 239  |  Page 240  |  Page 241  |  Page 242  |  Page 243  |  Page 244  |  Page 245  |  Page 246  |  Page 247  |  Page 248  |  Page 249  |  Page 250  |  Page 251  |  Page 252  |  Page 253  |  Page 254  |  Page 255  |  Page 256  |  Page 257  |  Page 258  |  Page 259  |  Page 260  |  Page 261  |  Page 262  |  Page 263  |  Page 264  |  Page 265  |  Page 266  |  Page 267  |  Page 268  |  Page 269  |  Page 270  |  Page 271  |  Page 272  |  Page 273  |  Page 274  |  Page 275  |  Page 276