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The confirmatory factor analysis model included means and intercepts, using identification constraints that constrained at least one item per latent variable equal to unity (to set the scale) and by setting the corresponding intercept to zero (Strasheim, 2011). This method allows one to obtain model implied means. The model implied variances and standard deviations (calculated by hand) are given in Table 4.
TABLE 4: ESTIMATED MEANS AND VARIANCES OF LATENT VARIABLES Means Initial 4.775 4.100 4.504 2.927 3.003
Tradition Independence
Interdependence Ethnocentrism Innovativeness
Final 4.409 4.103 4.504 2.931 3.005
Variances Initial 0.121 1.081 0.366 1.081 1.116
Final 0.600 1.036 0.538 1.211 1.097
Standard deviations Initial 0.348 1.040 0.605 1.040 1.056
Final 0.775 1.018 0.733 1.100 1.047
CULTURAL ORIENTATION AS ANTECEDENT OF OPENNESS TOWARDS MOBILE MARKETING IN AFRICAN CULTURES: HOW DOES CULTURE SHAPE MOBILE IMPORTANCE?