Table 2. The lower third molars (m3) morphology of the Old Word zygodont proboscideans. Dental morphology Taxa
Eozygodon morotoensis Zygolophodon aegyptensis Z. turicensis Z. gobiensis
Z. atavus
Z. gobiensis (Miomastodon tongxinensis)
Tha Chang specimens
Z. gobiensis (Z. lufengensis) Z. metachinjiensis
Dental morphotypes
Gracile Robust Gracile Robust Robust Mixed
?
Mammut borsoni (Z. shansiensis) M. borsoni
Mixed? Gracile Gracile Mixed?
Pretrite adaxial conelets
Small or absent Rather strong Strong
?
Small or absent Small Small
Small
Rather small Strong Small
Zygodont crests
Strong Visible
Visible Visible Strong Visible Visible Visible Visible
? ?
Crescentoids Visible
Strong and rather blunt
Strong ?
Strong and rather blunt
Visible Visible
Visible Strong Visible
?
Obliquity of lophids (degree)
High
High in two anterior lophids
Moderate to high ?
Low Moderate
Rather high ?
Rather high High
Moderate Cingulids
Well developed in upper molar
?
Forth lophid Undeveloped
Well developed Developed Well developed Developed Reduced Reduced
?
Molar sizes and shapes
Small
Small, long and narrow
Medium Large, wide
Less Developed Medium to large Developed
Medium Well developed Well developed Large
Well developed Well developed Large to very large Reduced
Well developed Well developed Large and long Reduced
Well developed Large to very large Well developed Medium
Table 3. The upper third molars (M3) morphology of the Old Word zygodont proboscideans. Dental morphology Dental Taxa
Losodokodon losodokius Eozygodon morotoensis Zygolophodon aegyptensis Z. turicensis Z. proavus
Z. gromovae
Z. gobiensis (Z. lufengensis) Z. gobiensis (Z. jiningensis) Z. chinjiensis
Z. metachinjiensis
Mammut borsoni (?Pliomastodon cf. matthewi)
M. borsoni Tha Chang specimens
morphotypes Gracile
Gracile Robust Gracile Robust
Gracile?
Z. gobiensis (Miomastodon tongxinensis) Robust Z. gobiensis (Z. (Turicius) nemongnensis) Gracile
Mixed Robust Robust Mixed ?
Gracile Mixed?
Pretrite adaxial conelets Zygodont crests
Small or absent Visible Small or absent Visible Rather strong Strong Strong Small Small Strong
Small –
Small
Rather small Strong
Strong Small
Visible Strong Strong Visible Visible
Strong Visible
Visible Strong Visible Absent? Visible
Strong in anterior lophids
Crescentoids
Strong and rather blunt Strong Visible ?
Visible Visible
Strong Strong Strong Strong Visible
Visible Visible
Cingula
Only anterior of first loph Well developed Visible
Forth loph
Well developed in upper molar Undeveloped Well developed Well developed Well developed ?
Undeveloped Developed
Developed Developed
Reduced
Well developed Well developed
Well developed Well developed Well developed Reduced
Well developed Reduced
Molar sizes and shapes Very small, narrow
Small
Small, long and narrow Medium
Less Developed Large Developed
Developed
Small to medium Medium
Well developed Large and long Well developed Large Well developed Large
Medium
Well developed Large and long Well developed Large to very large
Well developed Large to very large Well developed Medium
186
Journal of Paleontology 91(1):179–193
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