Melchin et al.—Llandovery retiolitine graptolites from Arctic Canada
71 3 0
87 36
1 76
36 54
1 1
<50 1 2
32
61 <50 1 3
<50
32 <50 2
4
73 32
<50 2 7
60 32
2
<50 2
8
<50 32
59 1 11
<50 32
<50 1 5
62 42
72
29 62
1 9
<50 1
12
Pseudorthograptus obuti Hercograptus introversus Pseudoretiolites perlatus Pseudoplegmatograptus obesus Stomatograptus canadensis Retiolites geinitzianus Rotaretiolites exutus Paraplectograptus eiseli Sokolovograptus textor
Figure 5.
<50 29
82
1 6
48 67
10 96
38 92
2
13 85 56
80 2
Pseudorthograptus obuti Pseudorthograptus inopinatus Hercograptus introversus Pseudoretiolites? sp. Pseudoretiolites perlatus Pseudoretiolites hyrichus Pseudoplegmatograptus obesus Stomatograptus canadensis Retiolites geinitzianus Aeroretiolites cancellatus Aeroretiolites? sp. Rotaretiolites exutus Rotaretiolites? sp. Eorograptus spirifer Parapectograptus? sp. Paraplectograptus eiseli Sokolovograptus textor
list surfaces
taxa with coarsely striated list surfaces taxa with pustulose list surfaces
(1) Cladogram of single most parsimonious tree resulting from the analyses that included all taxa in our study and all characters unordered. Bold
numbers in square boxes are numbered nodes. Character state changes at each node are listed in Appendix 3. Numbers in italics shown above each of the nodes are levels of bootstrap support for those branches (from PAUP*) from the analysis in which characters were unweighted. Numbers in italics below the nodes are levels of bootstrap support (from PAUP*) from the analysis in which characters were reweighted by rescaled consistency index. Numbers not in italics above the nodes are Bremmer support values from the unweighted analysis from TNT and those below are relative Bremmer support values from the implied weighting analysis from TNT. The species of Pseudorthograptus and Hercograptus are members of the Petalolithinae of Melchin et al. (2011), the remaining taxa are assigned to the Retiolitinae sensu Melchin et al. (2011). (2) Results of the unweighted analysis in PAUP* including only those taxa from this analysis that were also included in the analyses of Bates et al. (2005). This is a strict consensus of five most parsimonious trees.
Our results indicate that there is consistent support for the
hypotheses of bothLenz and Melchin (1997) and Bates et al. (2005) that Paraplectograptus and Sokolovograptus form a clade. In addition, this group is derived fromwithin a less strongly supported clade that also includes Rotaretiolites and the species that we here assign to Aeroretiolites, Eorograptus,and Parapectograptus?sp. (i.e., “Rotaretiolites,”“Paraplectograptus,” and Paraplectograptus 1 of Lenz and Melchin, 1997, respectively). In particular, there is some evidence that Eorograptus and Parapectograptus?sp. sharea common ancestry with Paraplectograptus and Sokolovograptus, separately from Rotaretiolites and
Aeroretiolites.There is also evidence for the suggestion that these last two genera form a clade and the former is more derived with respect to the latter.
Our results indicate that Paraplectograptus? sp. does not
differ in any of our coded characters from the common ancestor of Paraplectograptus and
Sokolovograptus.Likewise, Aeroretiolites? sp. does not differ in any of our coded characters from the ancestor of Rotaretiolites, Stomatograptus canadensis does not differ in any of our coded characters from the common ancestor of Stomatograptus and Retiolites,and Pseudoretiolites? sp. does not differ in any of our coded characters from the common ancestor of all of the more derived retiolitines. Given the general scarcity of other detailed morphologic and biostratigraphic information about Aeronian retiolitines, however, more definitive inferences cannot be made about ancestral relationships among the known taxa.
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Retiolinitinae
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