Table 1. Third molars measurement of the zygodont proboscideans (in mm), Rm, Lm = right and left lower molars, RM, LM = right and left upper molars, R = amount of loph(id) (ridge), L = total of molar leangh,W= width of the crown, H = high of the crown, W1 = width of the 1st lophid, Wx = width of the talonid, HI = hypsodonty index, in which the height of individual lophid is expressed as a percentage of the width (H*100/W), WI = width–length index, ratio between the maximum length and the maximum width (width/(length/100)), ET = enamel thickness.


No.


KNM–ME7545 KNM–ME7547 DPC9009 DPC12598 DPC5920


2280/2 2280/2


AMNH8137 RAM908 RAM908


AMNH–26461 Z. gobiensis (type) AMNH–26476 IVPP–V5584


F:AM23337 F:AM23337 PIN2202–4 PIN2202–5 PIN2202–6


IVPP–V5585 IVPP–V4688.1 IVPP–V2487 YV0131 YV0132


AMNH 19414 GIU


IVPP–V2485


THP–00079 THP–10022 THP–10031 THP–18908 THP–18903


IVPP–RV77001 THP–00079


IVPP–no number AMNH 19447


Z. gobiensis


Z. gobiensis (Z. chinjiensis)


Z. gobiensis (Z. (Turicius) nemongnensis)


Z. gobiensis (Z. lufengensis)


Z. metachinjiensis


Z. metachinjiensis (type )


Z. chinjiensis (type )


Z. gobiensis (Z. jiningensis)


M. borsoni M. borsoni M. borsoni M. borsoni M. borsoni M. borsoni


*Estimate measured.


Mammut borsoni (?Pliomastodon cf. matthewi)


Mammut borsoni (Z. shansiensis)


Z. gobiensis (Z. lufengensis)


KNM–LS18244 KNM–ME17


Taxon


NRRU–TKK–001 Zygolophodon sp. PRY–200


Z. sp.


Z. aegyptensis (type) Z. aegyptensis Z. aegyptensis Z. turicensis Z. turicensis Z. turicensis Z. turicensis


Z. proavus (type) Z. cf. proavus Z. cf. proavus Z. cf. proavus Z. cf. proavus


Z. atavus (type) Z. atavus


Zygolophodon gromovae Z. gromovae Z. gromovae


Z. gobiensis (Miomastodon tongxinensis)


Z. gobiensis (Miomastodon tongxiensis)


Losodokodon losodokius Eozygodon morotoensis E.morotoensis E.morotoensis


LM3 RM3 LM3 RM3 Rm3 Rm3 RM3 RM3 Rm3 Lm3 RM3 LM3 Rm3 Lm3 RM3 LM3 RM3 LM3 RM3 M3 M3


RM3 Rm3 Rm3 Rm3


RM3 RM3 RM3 Lm3 LM3


Specimen Measurement Referred Rm3


owner owner


Rasmussen&Gutierrez, 2009 Tassy&Pickford, 1983 Tassy&Pickford, 1983 Tassy&Pickford, 1983 Sanders&Miller, 2002 Sanders&Miller, 2002 Sanders&Miller, 2002 Tassy, 1977 Tassy, 1977 Tassy, 1977 Tassy, 1977


Borissiak, 1936 Borissiak, 1936


Lofgren&Anand, 2011 Lofgren&Anand, 2011 Lofgren&Anand, 2011 Lofgren&Anand, 2011 Lofgren&Anand, 2011 Tobien et al., 1988 Tobien et al., 1988 Tobien et al., 1988 owner


Tobien et al., 1988 owner


owner owner owner


Zhang, 1982 Zhang, 1982


Rm3 LM3


Rm3 Rm3 LM3


RM3 LM3 LM3 LM3 RM3


RM3 Chow&Chang, 1974 RM3


Osborn, 1929 Osborn, 1929


Tassy, 1983 owner


owner


Tobien et al., 1988 Tobien et al., 1988 Tobien et al., 1988 Tobien et al., 1988 Tobien et al., 1988 Tobien et al., 1988


R


3x 3x


(x1)3x >140* 76.5 42.8+ 3x


x3x 123.9 67.4


L W H W1 W2 W3 W4 Wx HI WI ET –


x4x 148.8 55.8 –– ––– – – ––– – – ––– –


x4x 157.5 85.5 x4x x4x


4 or x3x 127.3 74.4 4 or x3x 128.2 76 4 4 4 4 4


x3x 149.5 84 x4x x4x 4


163 172


150.2 95.8


x4x 4x


x4


x4x 151.4 74.7 47.5+ 67.8 74.7 69.7 51 21 63.6+ 49.34 5–7.6 –


153.5 89.1 150.2 92.3 182 105 182 107 164 195 160


79 –– ––– –


95 87


133.5 82.1 50+ 81.6 82.1 65.2 41.8


82.76 44.62 –


49.38


– –


x4x 177.2 93 63.6 90.8 93 83 70 37 68.4 52.48 x4x 191.8 91 63.4 87 91+ 84.7 75 51.6 69.67 47.45 x4x x4x x4x 4x


4x x4


x5


151 74.8 53 65 74.8 73.2 65.5 179 93.9 70.3 135 81.5 41 160


214


91 85


191.3 96


52 75


79 92.4 96 94.6 75


(x1)3x 168* 88.7 58+ x4x


x4x x4x x4x x4x x4x


94 92


53 61


172 100 64 174 103 55


– ––– – –


– ––– – – ––– – – ––– –


x4x 121.1 64.7 43 ?4?


148 79.5 140


116 75.6 49 – –


90 –– ––– – 95 –– ––– – – – – – –


84 82.5 82 –


54.4 37.5


84 –– 84 82 68 –– 60 –


58


– – –


78.5 85.5 85 53 –– 54.29 73.5 79.5 79 54 –– 53.72


64.81 65.17 5.8–6.8 – – –


66.46 53.43 72 90 ––– –


87.6 95.8 85.3 60.6 –– 63.78 73.8 74.4 66.1 45.8 –– 58.44 76 75.8 67.4 48.3 –– 59.28 89.1 84.7 73.3 56.7 –– 58.05 92.3 88.8 78.8 61 –– 61.45 57.69 58.79 57.93


56.19 55.21 55.23


– – – – – – –


– – – – –


x4x 152.2 80.8 41.5+ 78.7 80.8 79.3 60.4 30 51.36+ 53.09 3.8 92.26 53.66 30.7+ 51.6 53.6 42.1+ –– 51.23+ 58.16 110.4 74.4 40.8 71.7 74.4 64.7 –– 54.84 67.39 109.3 71.3 40 67.4 71.3 62.6 –– 56.1 65.23 61.6 67.4 64.4 –– – –


75.2 76.5 69.6 28.1 56+ 54.64+ 3.2–5.1 –


60.9+ 61.50 5–7.6 – – – – – –


70.86 49.54 74.87 52.46 50.31 60.37 57.14 56.88


88.24 39.72 82.29 50.18


190 88.5 56 87 88.5 86 79 51.5 63.28 46.58 –


193 117 54 197 119 56.8 170 159


– ––– – – ––– –


– ––– 56.38 55.29 – ––– –


– ––– 64.00 58.14 – ––– –


66.30 57.86 53.40 59.20


46.15 60.62 47.73 60.41


– –


–


88.7 85 67.2 36 65.39+ 52.80+ 5–6.5 –


– – – – –


184


Journal of Paleontology 91(1):179–193


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