142
Journal of Paleontology 91(1):116–145
S. Senior, S. Poulson, and the late D. Perry is gratefully acknowledged. We thank A. Hołda-Michalska for assistance with preparation of the figures, and D. Bates, C.E. Mitchell, and an anonymous reviewer for their very helpful comments ad suggestions. The paper is a contribution to IGCP591: The Early to Middle Paleozoic Revolution.
Accessibility of supplemental data
Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository:
https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.107
References Barrrande, J., 1850, Graptolites de Bohême. VI, Prague, Author. Bates, D.E., and Kirk, N.H., 1992, The ultrastructure, mode of construction and functioning of a number of Llandovery ancorate diplograptid and retiolitid graptolites: Modern Geology, v. 17, p. 1–270.
Bates, D.E., and Kirk, N.H., 1997, The ultrastructure, construction and functioning of the genera Stomatograptus and Retiolites, with an appendix on the incremental construction of the rhabdosome in Petalolithus, and its comparison with that of the thecal framework in Retiolites and in Stomatograptus: Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Publication, v. 10, 168 p.
Bates, D.E.B., Kozłowska, A., and Lenz, A.C., 2005, Silurian retiolitid graptolites: Morphology and evolution: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 50, p. 705–720.
Bjerreskov, M., 1975, Llandoverian and Wenlockian graptolites from Bornholm: Fossils and Strata, v. 94, p. 1–94.
Bouček, B., 1944,Onekterych ostnitych diplograptidech českeho a saského Siluru: Rozpravy Česk. Akademie věda uměni, Třidy II, v. 53, p. 1–6.
Bouček, B., and Münch, A., 1944, Die Retioliten des mitteleuropäischen Llandovery und unteren Wenlock: Mitteilungen der tschechischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, v. 43, p. 1–54.
Bouček, B., and Münch, A., 1952, The Central European Retiolites of the Upper Wenlock and Ludlow: Sborník ústředního ústavu geologického. Oddil paleontologický, v. 19, 151 p.
Bulman, O.M.B., 1970, Graptolithina, with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia, in Moore, R.C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Second Edition, Part V., Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence,Kansas, Geological Society of America (and University of Kansas Press), p. V1–V163.
Chen, X., 1984, Silurian graptolites from southern Shaanxi and northern Sichuan with special reference to classification of Monograptidae: Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, v. 166, No. 20, 102 p. [in Chinese with English summary]
Chen, X., and Lin, Y.K., 1978, Lower Silurian graptolites from Tongzi, northern Guizhou: Memoir of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica, v. 12, p. 1–76. [in Chinese with English summary]
Dawson, D.H., 2007, Morphology and phylogeny of some Llandovery (Lower Silurian) monograptid graptolites from Arctic Canada [
M.Sc. thesis]: Antigonish, St. Francis Xavier University, 176 p.
Donoghue, P.C., Purnell, M.A., Aldridge, R.J., and Zhang, S., 2008, The inter- relationships of “complex” conodonts (Vertebrata): Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, v. 6, p. 119–153.
Elles, G.L., and Wood, E.M.R., 1908, Monograph of British Graptolites, Part VII: Palaeontographical Society Monograph, v. 62, p. 273–358.
Ge, M.Y., 1990, Silurian graptolites from Chengkou, Sichuan: Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, v. 179, No. 26 157 p. [in Chinese with English summary]
Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., and Nixon, K.C., 2008, TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis: Cladistics, v. 24, p. 774–786.
Howe, M.P.A., 1983, Measurement of thecal spacing in graptolites: Geological Magazine, v. 120, p. 635–638.
Hutt, J.E., 1974, The Llandovery graptolites of the English Lake District, Part 1: Palaeontographical Society Monographs, p. 1–56.
Hutt, J.E., Rickards, R.B., and Skevington, D., 1970, Isolated Silurian graptolites from the Bollerup and Klubbudden stages of Dalarna, Sweden: Geologica et Palaeontologia, v. 4, p. 1–23.
Koren’, T.N., and Rickards, R.B., 1996, Taxonomy and evolution of Llandovery biserial graptoloids from the southern Urals, western Kazakhstan: Special Papers in Palaeontology, v. 54, 103 p.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A., 1995, Silurian retiolitids of the East European Platform: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 40, p. 261–326.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A., 2004, Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 49, p. 505–518.
Lapworth, C., 1873, On an improved classification of the Rhabdopora: Geological Magazine, v. 10, p. 500–504. 555–560.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A., and Lenz, A.C., 2001, Evolutionary developments in the Silurian Retiolitidae (Graptolites): Journal of the Czech Geological Society, v. 46, p. 227–238.
Lapworth, C., 1877, On the graptolites of County Down: Belfast Natural Field Club, Proceedings, v. 1, p. 125–l44.
Lenz, A.C., 1982, Llandoverian graptolites of the northern Canadian Cordillera: Petalograptus, Cephalograptus, Rhaphidograptus, Dimorphograptus, Retiolitidae, and Monograptidae: Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, v. 130, p. 154.
Lenz, A.C., 1988, Upper Llandovery and Wenlock graptolites from Prairie Creek, southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 1955–1971.
Lenz, A.C., 1993, Late Wenlock and Ludlow (Silurian) Plectograptinae (Retiolitid Graptolites), Cape Phillips Formation, Arctic Canada: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 104, 52 p.
Lenz, A.C., and Kozłowska, A., 2007, New and unusual upper Llandovery graptolites from Arctic Canada: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 52, p. 489–502.
Lenz, A.C., and Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A., 2001, Upper Wenlock graptolites of Arctic Canada: pre-extinction, lundgreni Zone fauna: Palaeontographica Canadiana, v. 20, 61 p.
Lenz, A.C., and Melchin, M.J., 1987a, Silurian retiolitids from the Cape Phillips Formation, Arctic Islands, Canada: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, v. 35, p. 161–170.
Lenz, A.C., and Melchin, M.J., 1987b, Periderm and interthecal tissue in Silurian retiolitid graptolites: with examples from Sweden and Arctic Canada: Lethaia, v. 20, p. 353–359.
Lenz, A.C., and Melchin, M.J., 1997, Phylogenetic analysis of the Silurian Retiolitidae (graptolites): Lethaia, v. 29, p. 301–309.
Lenz, A.C., and Thorsteinsson, R., 1997, Fusellar banding in Silurian retiolitid graptolites: Journal of Paleontology, v. 71, p. 917–920.
Lenz, A.C., Cuerda, A., and Peralta, S., 2003, Graptolites from the upper Llandovery of the Talacasto area, Central Cordillera, San Juan, Argentina: Journal of Paleontology, v. 77, p. 1198–1202.
Lenz, A., Senior, S., Kozłowska, A., and Melchin, M.J., 2012, Graptolites from the mid Wenlock (Silurian), middle and upper Sheinwoodian, Arctic Canada: Palaeontographica Canadiana, v. 32, 93 p.
Li, J.J., 1995, Lower Silurian graptolites from the Yangtze Gorge District: Palaeontologia Cathayana, v. 6, p. 215–344. [in Chinese with English summary]
Loydell, D.K., 1993, Upper Aeronian and lower Telychian (Llandovery) graptolites from western mid-Wales, Part 2: Palaeontographical Society Monograph, p. 56–180.
Loydell, D.K., 2012, Graptolite Zone correlation charts: Geological Magazine, v. 149, p. 124–132.
Lukasik, J.J., and Melchin, M.J., 1997, Morphology and classification of some early Silurian monograptids (Graptoloidea) from the Cape Phillips Formation, Canadian Arctic Islands: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 1128–1149.
Maddison, W.P., and Maddison, D.R., 2003, MaClade Version 4.06. Analyses of Phylogeny and Character Evolution: Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts.
Maletz, J., 2014, The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina): Bulletin of Geosciences, v. 89, p. 477–540.
Melchin, M.J., 1989, Llandovery graptolite biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography, Cape Phillips Formation, Canadian Arctic Islands: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 1726–1746.
Manck, E., 1917, Die Graptolithen der Zone 18, sowie Retiolites eiseli, sp. n.: Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft, v. 86, p. 337–344.
Melchin, M.J., 1998, Morphology and phylogeny of some Early Silurian “diplograptid” genera from Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada: Palaeontol- ogy, v. 41, p. 263–315.
Melchin, M.J., 1999, Origin of the Retiolitidae: insights from a new graptolite genus from the early Silurian of Arctic Canada: Lethaia, v. 32, p. 261–269.
Melchin, M.J., 2013, A view of the Rhuddanian–Aeronian boundary from Arctic Canada, in Lindskog, A., and Mehlqvist, K., eds., Proceedings of the 3rd IGCP 591 Annual Meeting – Lund, Sweden, 9–19 June 2013, p. 217–218.
Melchin, M.J., and Holmden, C., 2006, Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Llandovery in Arctic Canada: implications for global correlation and sea-level change: GFF, v. 128, p. 173–180.
Melchin, M.J., Koren’, T.N., and Štorch, P., 1998, Global diversity and survi- vorship patterns of Silurian graptoloids, in Landing, E., and Johnson, M.E., eds., Silurian Cycles. Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Tectonic Cycles. James Hall Volume: New York State Museum Bulletin, v. 491, p. 165–182.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208
