12 CHAPTER 1
during surveys for the Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Develop- ment (PSLSD) by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit. Though spatial coverage is restricted to the province, these are unique panel data that started before the transition from apartheid to democracy.10 KIDS involved three rounds: round 1 in 1993, round 2 in 1998, and round 3 in 2004. Compilation of the dataset, which is focused on the gathering of income and expenditure data via a detailed questionnaire, followed the national PSLSD, which was carried out across South Africa in 1993 and managed by the World Bank. As such, KIDS round 1 is a geographic subset of households from the national survey, with colored and white households excluded from follow-up. The sampling frame for the 1993 national survey was based on a two-stage self-weighting design. The 1991 Census Enumerator Subdistrict (or an equiva- lent unit such as a village or village group) was the first-stage unit; systematic sampling was then applied to households within that unit during the second sampling stage (see South African Labour and Development Research Unit 1994 for further details).
In 2004 data were collected for 1,426 African and Indian/Asian households across 68 (rural and urban) “clusters” in KwaZulu-Natal; 867 households interviewed contained key decisionmakers in 1993 (see May et al. 2007 for further details on the survey). In round 3 information was collected on about 65 percent of the 1998 household members.11
The 2004 survey in particular collected some retrospective information on child schooling, such as repetitions and school-start age. Combining these data with anthropometry measures for 1993 and 1998, I can analyze dynamic
Institute of Urban and Regional Studies, and the South African Department of Social Develop- ment. In addition to support from these institutions, the following organizations provided finan- cial support: the Department for International Development South Africa (DFID-SA), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the National Research Foundation Norwegian Research Council, through a grant to the University of
KwaZulu-Natal. 10 More recent panel data from the country include: four rounds of the Cape Area Panel Study, a longitudinal study of the lives of youths and young adults in metropolitan Cape Town (see
www.caps.uct.ac.za for details), two demographic surveillance sites providing annually col- lected panel data on 11,000 households in Limpopo province since the early 1990s (Agincourt Health and Population Unit), and twice-yearly panel data on 11,000 households in KwaZulu-Natal
since 2000 (Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies). 11 May et al. (2007) describe the methodology of the KIDS survey and its history. They show that the follow-up rate was comparatively high for women (relative to men) and for those less than 20 years old in 1998, as these subgroups are comparatively less mobile than other groups. They note that there may have been problems of representativity from round 1. Nevertheless they show that the age distribution, sex ratio, and change by age in the sex ratio of household members (including the children of core household members who were tracked at times outside KwaZulu- Natal) in 2004 are generally representative of the trends for the province when set against the 2001 census data. Children 10–14 years old are overrepresented in KIDS, while younger adults are underrepresented; the authors provide detailed explanation for these situations.
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