IMPACTS OF PRIME-AGE ADULT MORTALITY ON ADOLESCENTS’ LABOR SUPPLY 97


effects (for example, diet effects, effects on children, and other income- generating effects).


Our empirical setting is different from that of these two studies in that most of the sample households supply labor in nonagricultural sectors. That is, intrahousehold decisions on labor allocation for self-employment, such as own farming, are not the issue. With a focus on trade-offs between human capital investments and labor supply, I analyze labor force participation deci- sions among adolescents without distinguishing between the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors.


Prime-Age Adult Mortality and Child Schooling


It is widely believed that the death of a parent and prime-age household member has serious repercussions on the well-being and future of children— their schooling in particular. However, the literature on this topic does not necessarily present similar results, partly because of differences in method- ologies across studies.


First, the literature is divided into two groups of studies: those using panel data and those based on cross-sectional data. The studies that used panel data can potentially identify ex ante and ex post effects of prime-age adult mortal- ity on child schooling.


Second, the focus of studies may be parental deaths (leading to orphan- hood) or prime-age adult deaths in general. Since the two are not exclusive, studies could basically analyze both impacts, but this portion of the literature is generally divided into two groups, with relative emphasis on either paren- tal deaths or prime-age deaths. This chapter sheds light on both issues using panel data.


Approaches and findings from the literature are summarized in Table 5.2. Five studies use panel data: Ainsworth, Beegle, and Koda (2005); Yamano and Jayne (2005); Beagle, De Weerdt, and Dercon (2006); Case and Ardington (2006); and Evans and Miguel (2007). All of these studies, except Beegle, De Weerdt, and Dercon (2006), used standard methods of panel analysis with children in similar age ranges. Beegle, De Weerdt, and Dercon (2006) used children aged 0–15 who had not experienced parental deaths in the baseline to track their completed years of schooling and anthropometric measures later in their lives, under the assumption that parental deaths were not pre- dictable and also not correlated with the health and schooling of children in the initial round. In this respect, although they used panel data, it is not straightforward to compare their results with others. As Table 5.2 shows, with the exception of Yamano and Jayne (2005), all studies analyzed the effects of parental deaths. However, Ainsworth, Beegle, and Koda (2005) and Yamano and Jayne (2005) are the only studies that directly


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