134 INDEX Labor Force Survey (LFS), 5
Labor market outcomes: educational attain- ment and, 114; learner-educator ratios and, 18–19; school quality and, 4 Labor markets: effects of prime-age adult mortality, 90, 90n; employment status of household members, 102; returns to education, 4–9, 8–9t, 17; returns to health capital, 86; for skilled labor, 114. See also Unemployment
Labor markets, adolescent transitions to: activity transitions, 102–4, 103t; age of, 108, 109t; empirical results on, 104–11; gender differences in, 91, 104, 107, 109, 110; grade repetition and, 19n; model of, 100–104, 108–11, 110t; prime-age adult mortality rates and, 11, 89–90, 91, 96–97, 99, 108–11, 110t, 113; scholarship on, 96–99, 98t; unemployment, 7, 102–4 Land prices, 45 Lazear, E. P., 18
Learner-educator ratios (LERs): adjustments in educator numbers, 21–22, 23, 42; changes in, 20–23, 25t, 34, 35–37f, 38, 39–41f, 42–44, 43t; changes in number of learn- ers, 20–21, 34, 38; data sources for, 18, 19–20, 24–26, 51; distribution of, 26–27, 28–29f, 30–31f, 32t, 34; educator number responses to changes in learner numbers, 34, 38, 42–44, 43t; gaps between formerly African and white primary schools, 19, 19t, 20, 27, 42–44; grade repetition rates and, 18n; labor market outcomes and, 18–19; learner achievement and, 18, 47; by popu- lation group, 18, 19t, 27, 34, 35–37f, 38, 39–41f, 44; in primary schools, 19, 19t, 26–27, 28–29f, 34, 35–37f, 38, 42, 43t; by province, 27, 32–33t; responses to school fee and subsidy changes, 49, 61–63; returns to education and, 19; in secondary schools, 19t, 20, 27, 30–31f, 38, 39–41f, 42–44, 43t; targets for, 18
Learners: attrition rates of, 76–78, 77t; grade repetition by, 18n, 75, 83, 84t, 85–86, 86t, 87; mobility of, 48, 48n. See also Achieve- ment; Educational attainment Leibbrandt, M., 98t, 99 LERs. See Learner-educator ratios LFS. See Labor Force Survey
Locations of schools: constraints on household mobility, 45–46; importance of, 63; resi- dential segregation and, 10, 45, 52; school quality and, 10, 56, 63
Malnutrition. See Nutrition in early childhood Marriage behavior, 89n
Mathematics tests, 69, 70, 75, 76t, 83–84, 85t Men. See Fathers; Gender differences Metropolitan areas: migration to, 56n, 63; population composition of, 56n, 61; school fees in, 56, 59t, 60, 61 Miguel, E., 97, 98t, 99 Mortality rates. See Prime-age adult mortality rates
Mothers, deaths of, 99, 102n, 104–5, 106, 109, 111. See also Parents
New schools: definition of, 26; government agencies supervising, 26; learner-educator ratios in, 20; school fees in, 53 Nishiyama, S., 49
Norms and Standards for School Funding, 2, 10, 48–49, 85, 114, 118–19
Nutrition in early childhood: ages of school- ing start and, 69–70, 78–80, 79t, 80n; data sources on, 69; educational outcomes and, 48n, 67, 68–69n, 78–84, 87, 113; endogene- ity of, 68; grades completed and, 69–70; outcomes of, 72; weight-for-age z-scores, 73. See also Health capital; Height-for-age z-scores
Orphans, 88, 99
Parents: deaths of, 97–99, 102n, 104–5, 106, 109, 111; human capital investment deci- sions by, 68, 82; sibling inequality and, 68, 82. See also Families Paxson, C., 98t, 99, 107
Population groups: government agencies supervising schools of, 2–3, 24–26, 52, 53, 56, 58–59t, 60; learner-educator ratios by, 18, 19t, 27, 34, 35–37f, 38, 39–41f, 44; in post-apartheid era, 3; residential mobility of, 45–46, 56n, 63; residential segregation of, 10, 42, 45, 52, 54–56, 55t, 56n; school fees for, 53, 54f; in school neighborhoods, 54–56, 55t; school quality differences for, 10; segregated schools, 2–3, 10, 52. See also African population; Colored population; Indians/Asians; Whites
Post-apartheid era: asset redistribution dur- ing, 2; education system in, 2, 3, 17; population groups in, 3; residential mobility in, 56n, 63; school fees in, 44; transition period, 10, 17, 85
Poverty: teenage pregnancy and, 108; vicious cycle of low-quality education and, 17. See also Incomes
Primary schools: ages of starting, 69–70, 73–75, 75t, 78–80, 79t; gaps between
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