IMPACTS OF PRIME-AGE ADULT MORTALITY ON ADOLESCENTS’ LABOR SUPPLY 99
analyzed the effects of prime-age adult deaths. In all studies, both ex ante and ex post impacts are studied.
Of the two studies that highlight the effects of prime-age adult mortality, both report that the ex ante effect of prime-age adult deaths—hours at school in Ainsworth, Beegle, and Koda (2005) and school attendance in Yamano and Jayne (2005)—is significantly negative. As discussed subsequently, our results also show significant ex ante effects on adolescents’ transition from school to labor markets (that is, changes in enrollment status). The other studies which focus on parental deaths (Case and Ardington 2006; Evans and Miguel 2007) show that a mother’s death has a more signifi- cant and strongly negative impact on child schooling than a father’s death. This chapter, however, shows that both mothers’ and fathers’ deaths have almost equal impacts on adolescents’ decisions regarding the continuation of schooling.
One caveat in these comparisons arises from differences in the child age range between the present study and the other studies in the literature (see the third column in Table 5.2). In our sample from South Africa, enrollment status does not show any cross-sectional variations among children below age 13 at the primary-school level, partly because of the tendency of children to remain enrolled even if they participate in some other activities. In this sense, more sophisticated measures of schooling, such as attendance, should be used, but I decided not to pursue this line of investigation since the 1998 data do not include such information.
Three studies used cross-sectional data: Case, Paxson, and Ableidinger (2004), Ainsworth and Filmer (2006), and Ardington and Leibbrandt (2010). Case, Paxson, and Ableidinger (2004) and Ardington and Leibbrandt (2010) used within-household variations to address the relative status of orphans who lost their parent(s). The former study shows that orphans’ enrollment is lower than that of non-orphans within the same household, though residence arrangement is an endogenous choice. If orphans become better off by moving into other households (for example, those of relatives who have not experienced parental death) after losing their parent(s), their status is overestimated in this method —which, however, only strengthens the findings. Using within-household varia- tions, Ardington and Leibbrandt (2010) found that maternal death has a larger effect on years of schooling and enrollment than paternal death—a finding in line with those from other studies using panel data.
Ainsworth and Filmer’s (2006) results are not clear. Using data from 51 countries, they report that orphans’ enrollment status is not significantly lower than that of non-orphans in many countries—but as they acknowledge, this could be attributed to the failure in their methodology to account for socioeconomic factors that determine orphan status.
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