Pipeline Awareness for Emergency Responders and Community Officials (RP 1162)
FIGURE A.4a A common crude oil well in the south- west.
FIGURE A.4b An oil and gas production plat- form in the Gulf of Mexico.
• Refined petroleum products—The most common liquids transported by pipelines are refined petroleum products like gasoline, jet fuel, home heating fuels, diesel, natural gas liquids (NGL), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and other chemicals like anhydrous ammonia and carbon dioxide. Transmission pipelines move refined products from refiner- ies to marketing and distribution terminals.
• Natural Gas—Transmission lines are pipelines used to transport only natural gas.
There are two types of distribution systems based on prod- uct; liquid petroleum products and natural gas.
• Liquid petroleum products (gasoline, diesel) and high volatile liquids (butane, propane) are normally stored and then distributed by tanker trucks to their final destination. Others are transported from a storage location directly to res- idential and industrial customers through low-pressure dis- tribution pipelines.
• Natural gas distribution systems, also referred to as local distribution companies (LDCs). LDCs distribute gas to end use consumers who are private home residents, municipali- ties, hospitals, schools, businesses and manufacturing facili- ties. They receive natural gas from larger transmission pipelines at a point often called a city gate, gate station or border station. The city gate is considered the transfer point — moving gas from a typically larger, high-pressure pipeline to a smaller and reduced pressure pipeline. While some LDCs are transmission operators, all operators have similar requirements to work closely with emergency responders in preparing for an emergency with their lines.
FIGURE A.5 Petroleum product pipeline markers.
FIGURE A.6 Natural gas transmission pipeline markers.
FIGURE A.7 Natural gas customer meters used by local distribution companies.
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