GLOSSARY
storage facilities for later delivery to the con- sumer. These lines range from 20 to 42-inches diameter, with pressures from 300 to 1,500 psi. Compressor stations are used to boost the pipeline pressure that is lost as a result of fric- tion loss.
Transmission Pipelines—Liquids. Pipelines are used to move refined liquid products from refineries to marketing and distribution termi- nals, where the products are then loaded onto cargo tank trucks for ultimate delivery to the consumer. Refined petroleum product pipe- lines vary in size from relatively small 8 to 12- inch diameter pipelines up to 42-inch trans- mission lines. Pumping stations are used to boost pressures and maintain constant flows on transmission lines.
Transmix. The point at which two liquid petro- leum products meet and mix when shipped in a pipeline. May also be referred to as the inter- face.
Trunk lines. Large crude oil pipelines, usually 8 to 24-inches in diameter that bring crude oil from gathering centers, oil producing areas and ports throughout North America to re- fineries.
U
Unified Command. The process of determin- ing overall incident strategies and tactical ob- jectives by having all agencies, organizations or individuals who have jurisdictional respon- sibility, and in some cases those who have functional responsibility at the incident, partic- ipate in the decision-making process.
Unified Commanders (UC). Command level representatives from each of the primary re- sponding agencies who present their agency’s interests as a member of a unified command team. Depending upon the scenario and inci- dent timeline, they may be the “lead” Incident Commander or play a supporting role within the command function. The unified com- manders manage their own agency’s actions and make sure all efforts are coordinated through the unified command process.
Underflow Dam. Spill control tactic used to trap floating lighter-than-water materials be- hind the dam (specific gravity <1). Using PVC piping or hard sleeves, the dam is constructed in a manner that allows uncontaminated water to flow unobstructed under the dam while keeping the contaminant behind the dam. Op- erationally, this is most effective on slow mov- ing and relatively narrow waterways.
V
Vacuuming. A physical method of confine- ment by which a hazardous material is placed in a chemically compatible container by sim- ply vacuuming it up. The method of vacuum- ing will depend upon the hazmats involved. Vacuuming is also a physical method of de- contamination.
Vapor. An air dispersion of molecules in a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at standard temperature and pressure.
Vapor Density. The weight of a pure vapor or gas compared with the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. The molecular weight of air is 29. If the vapor density of a gas is less than one, the material is lighter than air and may rise. If the vapor density is greater than one, the material is heavier than air and will collect in low or enclosed areas. Significant property for evaluating exposures and where vapors and gases will travel.
Vapor Dispersion. A physical method of con- finement by which water spray or fans is used to disperse or move vapors away from certain areas or materials. It is particularly effective on water-soluble materials (e.g., anhydrous ammonia), although the subsequent runoff may involve environmental trade-offs.
Vapor Pressure. The pressure exerted by the vapor within the container against the sides of a container. This pressure is temperature de- pendent; as the temperature increases, so does the vapor pressure. Consider the following three points:
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