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SPORTS MEDICINE PODIATRY ASSESSMENT
Weight-bearing assessment Neutral calcaneal stance position (NCSP)/relaxed calcaneal stance position (RCSP) is an indicator of STJ motion when weight-bearing. It is used to assess any compensation that may have occurred proximally or distally at the STJ. NCSP is measured by placing the foot into its neutral position while in contact with the ground and bisecting the calcaneus and the distal third of the leg. A measurement of the angle between the ground and the bisection is taken. RCSP is then measured with the foot in a relaxed position. The amount of inversion/eversion can then be measured (Fig. 4).
Pronated/normal/supinated foot type
The foot posture index (FPI) was developed by Dr A Redmond in 1998 to address a need for a clinical tool that “could measure foot posture in multiple planes and anatomical segments” (17). It looks at the following: n Talar head palpation
n Supra- and infra-lateral malleolar curvature n Calcaneal frontal plane position n Prominence in the region of the talonavicular joint n Congruence of the medial longitudinal arch n Abduction/adduction of the forefoot on the rearfoot. Each factor is rated from –2 to +2 and has a 24-point scale. The final score ranges between –12 and +12: n Highly pronated = +10 n Pronated = +6 to +9 n Normal foot = 0 to +5 n Supinated foot = –1 to –4.
References 1. Egger G. Sports injuries in Australia: causes, costs and prevention. A report to the national better health programme. Sydney, Centre for Health Promotion and Research, 1990 2. Stevenson MR, Hamer P, Finch CF, Elliot B, Kresnow M. Sport, age and sex specific incidence of sports injuries in Western Australia. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34:188–194 3. Peterson L, Junge A, Chomiak J, Graf-Baumann T, Dvorak J. Incidence of football injuries and complaints in different age groups and skill-level groups. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;28:S51–S57 4. Chomiak J, Junge A, Peterson L, Dvorak J. Severe injuries in football players: influencing factors. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;28:S58–S68
5. Hosea TM, Carey CC, Harrer MF. The gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball. Clinical Orthopaedics 2000;372:45–49 6. McKay GD, Goldie PA, Payne WR, Oakes BW. Ankle injuries in basketball: injury rate and risk factors. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2001;35:103–108 7. Powell JW. Incidence of injury associated with playing surfaces in the national football league. Athletic Training 1987;22:202– 206
8. Arnason A, Gudmundsson A, Dahl HA, Johannsson E. Soccer injuries in Iceland. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 1996;6:40–45 9. Mountcastle SB, Posner M, Kragh JF, Jr, Taylor DC. Gender differences in anterior cruciate ligament injury vary with activity: epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in a young athletic population. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2007;35:1635–1642 10. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y, Matsumoto H. Retrospective case evaluation of gender differences in sports injuries in a Japanese sports medicine clinic. Gender Medicine 2008;5:405–414 11. Lindenfeld TN, Schmitt DJ, Hendy MP, Mangine RE, Noyes FR. Incidence of injury in indoor soccer. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1994;22:364–371 12. Murphy DF, Connolly DAJ, Beynnon BD. Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2003;37:13–29 13. Baumhauer JF, Alosa DM, Renstrom AF, Trevino S, Beynnon B. A prospective study of ankle injury risk factors. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1995;23:564–570
DEVELOPED BY DR A REDMOND TO ADDRESS A NEED FOR A CLINICAL TOOL THAT COULD MEASURE FOOT POSTURE IN MULTIPLE PLANES AND ANATOMICAL SEGMENTS
14. Bell NS, Mangione TW, Hemenway D, Amoroso PJ, Jones BH. High injury rates among female army trainees: a function of gender? American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2000;18:141–146 15. Krivickas LS, Feinberg JH. Lower extremity injuries in college athletes: relation between ligamentous laxity and lower extremity muscle tightness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996;77:1139–1143 16. Kaufman KR, Brodine Sk, Shaffer RA, Johnson CW, Cullison TR. The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1999;27:585–593 17. Redmond AC, Crosbie J, Ouvrier RA. Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: the foot posture index. Clinical
Biomechanics 2006;21:89–98.
THE FOOT POSTURE INDEX (FPI) WAS
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■ PRE-SEASON MUSCULOSKELETAL SCREENING