Glossary


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preview A short introduction or overview that gives an idea of what is going to happen in a lecture, film or text.


scope The area covered by an activity or subject, e.g., A lecturer needs to limit the scope of a lecture.


signal The means by which a message is transmitted to others. This is usually through gesture; however, a signal can also be transmitted by specific words and phrases.


signpost(s) Functional word(s) and/or phrase(s) that help to structure a spoken or written text and show the listener or reader where the speaker is going. For example, forward signposts may refer to what the speaker or writer is going to say next, e.g., First I want to … then … finally …


stress Word stress is the way in which one syllable in a word is given more force. Stressed syllables are louder and longer than unstressed syllables. English places stress on key words or new information in a sentence, so students need to learn to recognize stressed words.


stress pattern The way that syllables are stressed or unstressed in a word, or words are stressed or unstressed in an utterance. The stress patterns of words may be different within a word family, e.g., finance but financial.


syllable A beat in a word. Each syllable has a vowel at its centre and consonants may surround the vowel. It is also possible to have a syllable with just a vowel. For example, the word any has two syllables (a-ny).


terminology Vocabulary (or terms) used in a particular field, topic or area of study. These may be technical words or terms to describe complex concepts that are specific to that topic.


utterance Something that one person says at a particular time. It could be a single word, a sentence or a longer stretch of speech.


weak form Single-syllable function words when not stressed in speech often have a different pronunciation or appear as weak forms in English. The full vowel sound is normally replaced by the schwa /´/ sound, e.g., I can /k´n/ do it (weak form), Yes, I can /kœn/ (strong form).


word boundary The place where one word ends and another word begins. There are not always clear word boundaries in rapid connected speech because speakers normally run words together and change or drop sounds, particularly where words begin or end with a vowel sound, e.g., in the utterance: I got up at eight o’clock there may be no clear word boundaries.


word family A group of words that are closely related to each other because they share a common root or because they have related meanings, e.g., family, familiar, familiarize, familiarization.


Listening


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