efficiency by raising operating temperatures is the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Conventional steels for energy purposes have to with- stand a temperature of 560C (1,040F) and a pressure of 250 bar (3600 psi) in long-term operation. High alloyed 9% chrome steel, such as P91, are applied wherever the material has to withstand up to 600°C (1112°F) and 270 bar (3900 psi). Te net-efficiency of power plants using P91-steel is roughly 45.3% (Fig. 2). By using the newly developed CB2-steel, the operating temperature can be raised up to 620C (1,150F), and the efficiency output meanwhile rises by nearly 1%, up to 46%. Enhancing the efficiency by one percent point implies a reduction of carbon dioxide emis- sions of 2.4 million metric tons CO2 based on a power plant operation time of 30 years and the use of a 700 MW turbine. Moreover, 2,000 tons NOx, 200 tons SO2, and 500 tons particulates could be saved.
Development of CB2-steel
Several research projects have focused on the develop- ment of new materials for long time creep rupture strength at temperatures above 600C (1,112F). Sande Stahlguss GmbH participates these research proj-
ects. Te German research program for “high temperature steels and materials” is one such group developing CB2 steel grade. Along with the research project, SSG is constantly optimizing the technical parameters during production. Te metallurgy, the quality heat treatment, welding procedures and nondestructive testing is reviewed on a regular basis.
的高压。钴含量为9%的高钴合金钢，例如P91，可 承受600°C (1112°F)的高温和270 bar (3900 psi)的 高压。使用了P91号牌合金钢的电厂的净效率大约为 45.3%（图2）。使用新研发的CB2合金钢可将操作 温度提高到620C (1,150F)，同时，输出效率可提高 约1%，达到46%。能效提高一个百分点意味着一个 已运行30年、使用700 MW 汽轮机的电厂，其CO2 的排放量将减少240万吨。此外，还将减少2000吨 NOx，200吨SO2以及500吨的悬浮颗粒。
CB2合金钢的研发
研究项目的重点是温度在600C (1,112F)以上的蠕 变断裂强度持久的新材料的研发。
Sande铸钢公司参与了这些研究项目。一个名为“ 高温合金钢和材料”的德国研发项目就是其中一个研 发CB2合金钢的研发计划。项目研发的同时，Sande 铸钢公司还在生产中不断优化技术指标，其冶金工 艺、热处理水平、焊接工艺和无损检测指标都会定期 评估。
除联合研发项目取得的成果外，Sande铸钢公司还
Fig. 1. This chart shows how further development of materials and processes and components contribute to increased efficiency.
图1：该图展示了材料、工艺和部件的进步是如何提高能效的。 52 |
FOUNDRY-PLANET.COM | MODERN CASTING | CHINA FOUNDRY ASSOCIATION December 2014
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