Chapter 1: Regional Context and Priorities


Table 1.4.1: West Asia, burden of disease of environmental risk factors, 2004 and 2013 (estimated) Country


Environment attributable DALYs per 100 000 people


Bahrain Iraq


Jordan Kuwait


Lebanon Oman OPT


Qatar Saudi Arabia


Syrian Arab Republic


UAE


Yemen Total


Source: WHO 2008


because of modifiable environmental risk factors. The top modifiable risk factors are air pollution (Figure 1.4.1); lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation; climate change; exposure to hazardous chemicals and wastes; emergencies and disasters; and exposure to radiation (WHO, 2008). Recent burden-of-disease studies by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), emphasize that this same level of burden of disease still prevails in the region but the population is increasing dramatically, which means that both the number of deaths and the number of lost years is increasing. The IHME estimated that air pollution alone was responsible for more than 70 000 premature deaths in West Asia in 2010 (IHME 2013).


Armed conflicts also have direct and immediate impacts on human life and health. Military activities have serious


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health consequences through their impact on the physical, biological, economic, and social environments in which people live. West Asia has suffered from ongoing wars and political conflicts. This situation has resulted in major environmental health issues including radioactive health impacts resulting from missiles, soil and water contamination with hazardous chemical residues due to explosives, and localized air pollution due to burnt plastics and other manmade materials. These impacts are considered to be serious causes of death for children, women and older people. For example, military activities in Syria have led to severe environmental and health impacts that have been aggravated by the lack of proper access to health care.


2004 1 639


11 687 2 511 1 415 3 001 1 899 **


1 361 3 027 2 293


1 438 9 309


Environment


attributable deaths per 100 000 people


2004 58


316 83 33


132 55


32 91 72


33 247


Environment attributable DALYs


2004 11 665


3 221 343 135 559 37 028 120 871 48 813


10 851


698 105 424 435


56 561


1 901 457 6 666 688


Environment attributable deaths


2004 411


87 234 4 456 852


5 298 1 416


252


20 962 13 275


1 313 50 533 186 002


Environment attributable DALYs


2013 21 946


4 104 013 175 549 47 163 133 373 66 876


35 878 818 117 510 675


125 563


2 209 630 8 248 783


Environment attributable deaths


2013 773


111 137 5 771 1 085 5 846 1 940


833


24 566 15 972


2 915 58 723


229 561


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