Chapter 3: Outlooks and Emerging Issues
Table 3.2.2: Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity in West Asian countries in 1961 and 2008 Country
Ecological Footprint [gha per capita]
Bahrain Iraq
Jordan Kuwait
Lebanon Oman OPT
Qatar
Saudi Arabia Syria UAE
Yemen West-Asia
1961 5.4 0.9 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.1 NA 7.8 0.8 1.2 NA 1.2 1.1
Source: Compiled by the authors based on data in AFED 2012
contributing 30 per cent of GDP and employing more than 40 per cent of the workforce (UNESCWA 2002), although there are also some extractive industries in countries such as Jordan and Syria.
3.3 Megatrends and teleconnections
Megatrends reflect the impact of current regional trends and their interplay in the West Asia countries’ reality. They include conflict and refugee exodus, the fluctuation of oil prices and the move to use technology and data sharing. Megatrends provide a description of the status of current trends and how these factors may shape the future.
3.3.1 Conflict and refugee exodus
The Arab Spring felt in West Asia and the Arab region has developed into full-scale violent conflicts in Iraq and Syria, leading to a massive exodus of millions of refugees, first to neighbouring countries and more recently to Europe by illegal and dangerous routes. The thrust of this refugee crisis is not only testing Europe’s religious and ethnic tolerance and its human rights tradition, but, as some European countries start to raise border controls, is also threatening the European Union’s open-border policy and potentially its very integrity. The ramifications of the current upheaval in West Asia reach across continents and oceans and cannot therefore be isolated from the rest of the world.
2008 6.6 1.4 2.1 9.7 2.8 5.7 0.5
11.7 4.0 1.5 8.9 0.9 2.8
1961 4.0 0.8 1.0 3.0 0.5 9.5 NA
53.5 2.5 1.3 NA 2.5 1.8
Biocapacity [gha per capita]
2008 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 2.2 0.1 2.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
103
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156