Supplementary Information


Additional information and to read More...: 1.


Peace, security and the environment


The complex relationships between peace, security and the environment are both interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Just as conflict results in environmental degradation, the environment has been the source of conflicts in the quest for security, achievable only through access to natural resources. This vicious cycle is exacerbated by oppression, mainly of minorities and women, as well as the existence of power struggles. Inequalities hinder sustainable development and trigger clashes, which in turn tend to amplify marginalization and disparity (Spring 2001). Peace and security being closely tied to environmental security,


Trapped populations


ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS SUDDEN-ONSET


DISASTERS ECONOMIC STRESS


UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY, PRECARIOUS LIVELIHOODS


Original Vulnerability DEMOGRAPHIC STRESS


PRESSURE ON RESOURCES, SPREAD OF DISEASE


POLITICAL STRESS WAR, DISCRIMINATION,


LAND RIGHTS, INSECURITY


Aggravated vulnerability TRAPPED POPULATION


INSUFFICIENT MEANS ECONOMIC


Trapping factors


SOCIAL HEALTH


ILLNESS, DISABILITIES


NO SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORK, GENDER-RELATED RISKS


POLITICAL CONFLICTS Source: IOM 2015  Credit: Shutterstock/ Zeljkodan 119 GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION, REMOTENESS


Desire/ Need to migrate


Inability to migrate SLOW-ONSET


LAND DEGRADATION, SEA-LEVEL RISE


they must be addressed simultaneously (Khagram et al. 2013). As long as social structures do not secure sustainable livelihoods for all, struggles to protect the environment from conflicts will fail, just as a disregard of life-supporting systems will not allow human development. In addition, political, demographic, economic and environmental stresses might result in the displacement of the vulnerable populations. People might not be able to migrate due to political conflicts alongside other economic, health, social and geographic reasons as shown in the Figure below. The vulnerability of these trapped communities tends to increase with time (Black et al., 2011).


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156