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Supplementary Information


There are three main residual treatment technologies:


1. landfill with landfill gas recovery; 2. waste-to-energy by incineration under the R1 waste-to- energy efficiency classification, for energy recovery as combined heat and power and electricity only;


3. mechanical heat treatment (at temperatures of 80– 150oC to ensure sterilization of wastes), with power created from the natural organic fraction (anaerobic digestion, thermal treatment with combined heat and power).


The purpose of option 3 is to achieve the best possible recovery rates for high-value solids that can be returned to the supply chain. The data indicate that total regional emissions from the collection, treatment and disposal of 45.9 million tonnes of municipal solid waste in 2015 amounted to 67 447 gigagrammes of carbon dioxide equivalent. The regional increase in waste in 2013 was about 3.0 per cent, just slightly ahead of population growth at 2.4 per cent (Dumble 2015).


Based on country trends in waste generation, the regional amount is expected to reach 75.9 million tonnes by 2030, with the higher- and upper-middle-income countries generating most of the projected increase.


The results show the relative impacts on emissions of 24 potential technology interventions or options across the region, with current regional municipal solid waste emissions including processing and collection, estimated at 68 164 gigagrammes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Dumble 2015). The total costs, at 2015 prices, of the different collection, treatment and disposal options per unit of emission reduction show that the optimum cost of achieving net zero emissions in the region’s waste sector is in the region of US$81,087 to 57,420 per gigagramme of carbon dioxide equivalent avoided for high added-value recyclables, with near net zero emissions under the incineration option indicating a higher cost ranging from USD 98,081 to 84,107 per gigagramme of carbon dioxide equivalent avoided (Dumble 2015). This work support the application IWM and the UNEP Waste and Climate Change Framework (UNEP 2010b) as practical means of sector GHG reduction.


West Asia, estimated annual costs of integrated management technology options R1 W2E/RDF - 80% of Residual


R1 High efficiency W2E/RDF - 80% of Residual R1 High efficiency W2E/RDF (export) - 80% of Residual


Mechanical heat treatment & Solids washing/CHP (Biomass) Mechanical heat treatment & Solids washing/AD Landfill - 70% LFG recovery


0.00 MSW (Future Scenario 4H: 3%) Source: Dumble 2015 127 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 Annual Cost/US$ Billion 10.00 12.00


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