2. Mid-Low Position Newly-industrialized countries produce middle
and low-end products and are developing toward high-tech casting production. Their energy and labor advantages have led them to deal mainly with labor intensive, low cost products. However, in some coun- tries like China, Brazil, India and South Africa, the capital construction and mid- to high-end manu- facturing industry is developing rapidly, which has caused foundries to produce mainly mid- to high-level castings. As the technology advances and high-end industry develops, the demand for high level castings will grow.
3. Low-End Position Generally speaking, the less developed countries
have large populations with low labor costs and low technology levels. These countries mainly produce low-end products. However, the improved manu- facturing and technology conditions stimulated by rapidly growing economies have prompted casting industry development.
How will the changing industry affect the trade pattern?
JZ: As the international foundry industry develops,
the casting market and trade volume will expand. Developed countries will continue to export high-
end casting products and import more mid- and low-end products. Developed countries will maintain their leading position, meeting the needs for mid- and low-end casting products, exporting high-end casting products to the international market, and transferring some industrial bases to other countries. Newly-industrialized countries will import some high-end casting products, export more mid- and low-end products, and gradually decrease the export volume of low-end products. As the industrial bases of developed countries, the
newly-industrialized countries will continue to sup- ply mid- and low-end products to the international markets. The countries import high-end products to meet their needs temporarily and are working toward producing middle and high-end products. The less developed countries mainly import middle and high-end products and will gradually enlarge their export volume of low level products. The less developed countries will continue to sup-
ply low-end products for the international market, remaining in their position as low-end product bases for quite some time. The need for mid- and high-end products can only be met via imports. ■
1. 欧美日等发达国家位居高中端
发达国家在技术、设备及资金投入方面的绝对优势决 定了他们在铸造业的领导地位。通过产业转移，欧美等 成熟国家将生产基地及附加值较低，并且不宜实现自动 化的产品生产及开发交给发展中国家，而集中精力致力 于高、精、尖端铸件的生产和开发，促使铸造业向高端 技术方向发展，引领整个世界铸造业发展趋势。
2. 新兴经济体位居中低端
新兴经济体等国家目前还是以中低端产品开发及生 产为主，并逐步向高端铸件发展。这一方面取决于其能 源和劳动力优势，决定了主要以劳动密集型、低成本铸 件为主；另一方面像中国、巴西、印度、南非等新兴经 济体，基建及中高端制造业发展迅速，从而导致铸件以 中高端为主，但随着科技的不断进步，以及高端产业的 发展，对高端铸件的需要越来越多，正不断向高端铸件 发展，逐渐掌握世界铸造产业分工的主动权。
3.欠发达大国位居低端，大力发展铸造业
欠发达国家一般人口众多、劳动力成本低、技术水平 差，这就决定了其铸造业以低端产品为主。但近年来生 产及科技条件的日臻完善，促使其大力发展铸造业，带 动整个国家经济的快速稳定发展。
三、世界铸件贸易新格局
随着世界铸造业的发展、铸件市场的扩张以及产业分 工的不断变化，世界铸件贸易量必将不断增长。 1. 发达国家继续出口一些高端铸件产品，大量进口 中低端产品。
发达国家将继续保持其领先地位，在满足自身对中低 端铸件产品需求的同时，向世界市场不断输出高端铸件 产品，将产业基地不断转移，维持其领先地位。 2. 新兴经济体进口一些高端产品，出口大量中低端 产品，并逐步减少低端产品出口数量。
新兴经济体在成为发达国家产业基地的同时，会继续以 向世界市场提供中低端铸件为主，通过进口高端产品来暂 时弥补自身空缺，但同时也向中高端产品方向努力发展。 3. 欠发达国家主要进口高中端产品，并逐步扩大低 端产品出口数量。
欠发达国家在相当长一段时间内，仍将保持其低端产 品生产基地的地位，为世界市场对低端产品的需求提供 源源不断的供应。而其自身对中高端产品的需求仍将通 过进口解决。 ■
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Spring 2012
FOUNDRY-PLANET.COM | MODERN CASTING | CHINA FOUNDRY ASSOCIATION | 69
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