12


HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 12.1 Vocabulary referring back • introducing quotations/paraphrases


A Study the words and phrases in box a. 1 What kind of rights would you include in each category?


2 Read the text underneath box a. How would you group the rights in box a into Vasek’s three generations?


B Read text A on the opposite page. 1 How does the United Nations try to protect human rights?


2 Look at the highlighted words. Connect each item to the noun it refers to.


C Study the verbs in box b. They can be used to introduce quotations or paraphrases/summaries.


1 Check the meanings of any words you don’t know. 2 Which verbs have similar meanings? 3 Which verbs are not followed by that?


4 When can you use each verb? Example: accept = agree but with some reluctance; the idea is often followed by but


D Read text B on the opposite page. Look at the highlighted sentences.


1 What is the purpose of each sentence? Example:


Human rights are both inspirational and practical = personal belief


2 In an assignment, should you refer to the highlighted sentences by quoting directly or paraphrasing?


3 Choose an appropriate introductory verb from box b and write out each sentence as a direct quotation or a paraphrase. Add the source references.


E Look at the newspaper headlines on the opposite page.


1 What abuse(s) of human rights does each headline refer to?


2 Does the UN have a role in any/some/all of the cases?


3 What arguments are there for the United Nations not acting in some/all of the cases?


F Write a short article as follows:


What should the United Nations do to uphold human rights in member countries?


Use information from this lesson. 94 b


accept agree argue believe cite claim concede consider


contend describe disagree dispute emphasize illustrate indicate insist note observe point out report show state suggest


a


citizenship collective rights copyright


freedom from discrimination freedom of speech freedom of thought the right to a fair trial the right to education the right to natural resources the right to social security


The Czech jurist Karel Vasek proposed the idea of three levels or generations of human rights (see Human Rights: A Thirty-Year Struggle, UNESCO 1977). The tripartite division relates to the three- word slogan of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.


First generation rights are connected with personal freedom and include the right to a fair trial, and the right to vote for your government. They are covered in Articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976).


Second generation rights relate to the position of an individual in society. They include the right to payments from the government if you become unemployed, or sick. They appear as Articles 22 to 27 of the Universal Declaration and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976).


Third generation rights are sometimes said to be part of ‘soft law’, in that many of the rights do not appear in legally binding agreements. They are acknowledged in documents such as the Stockholm Declaration (1972) and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992).


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