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TechWaTch
Trends to Track for Li-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles
By Dr. Alex Holland, Senior Technology Analyst, IDTechEx
ditionally, investment continued to pour into electric vehicles and Li-ion batteries with 2020 seeing an additional 200 GWh of planned capacity announce- ments in Europe. This figure continues to
O
grow on a regular basis in 2021. The past year has also seen Tes- la, Volkswagen, General Motors, SK Innovation, and LG Chem all come forward with investor days and presentations outlining their vehicle electrification and bat- tery technology strategies, all of which adds to the growing mo- mentum behind the electric vehi- cle market. With this, comes an
verall, worldwide electric car sales were stronger than expected in 2020. Ad-
added importance of understand- ing the Li-ion batteries that pow- er them, the variety of design choices available, and trends in their implementation.
Cathode Chemistry An area of particular inter-
est has been the cathode and the chemistry choices being made by battery companies and automo- tive OEMs. Unsurprisingly, IDTechEx data shows there has been a shift towards higher nick- el content nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries over the past few years. SVolt has reportedly begun
series production of its NMX cells, Renault announced a strat- egy that relies on NMC cathodes,
and SK Innovation announced intentions for commercial pro- duction of NMC cells using 90 percent Ni during 2021. SK Innovation also stated
its plan to have developed a 94 percent Ni NMC by 2025, high- lighting a continued place for NMC but also highlighting the difficulty in moving toward ever higher nickel, and ever lower cobalt content NMCs. However, there was also a resurgence for lithium iron phos- phate (LFP) in 2020 and certain- ly, the chemistry has gained added importance. Automotive OEMs have come forward with plans to use the chemistry due to its lower cost and added safety, while the imminent expiry of IP relating to LFP will make it eas- ier to manufacture and export LFP outside of China. Nevertheless, IDTechEx con -
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sider layered oxide materials, such as NMC and lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (NCA), to remain central to the success of vehicle electrification given the added range they provide. Beyond cars, a range of chemistries is uti- lized and offered by manufactur- ers with choices coming down to application requirements and re- gional preferences.
Battery design Shifts in battery pack design
are also taking place. For exam- ple, 800V architectures have been adopted by a number of OEMs, driven by promises of fast
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charging and more efficient oper- ation. However, the necessary charging infrastructure also needs to be in place to fully uti- lize this and the battery itself will need to be able to handle in- creased fast charge powers. Greater care will also be needed to ensure electrical isolation of the battery pack while the neces- sary shift from Si to SiC invert- ers comes with its own costs. Cell-to-pack (CTP) designs
are also being explored. Here, the greater packing efficiency can help overcome the energy density reduction that comes from LFP with BYD, CATL, Tes- la and Stellantis all announcing their intention to use LFP cath- odes (perhaps LMFP in Stellan- tis’ case) in combination with CTP battery designs. However, outside of electric
cars, modularity remains impor- tant, with most pack manufactur- ers in Europe and North America offering modular designs. The added redundancy and re- pairability take on added impor- tance in commercial sectors while the design also allows pack man- ufacturers to serve multiple vehi- cle segments more easily. Of course, cathode chemistry
and battery structure are only parts of the puzzle. Cell design and form factor, solid-elec- trolytes, anode material choices, thermal interface materials and battery management systems all form part of the battery design ecosystem with numerous av- enues for improving battery and EV performance, cost, and safety. An array of technological
possibilities, and a diverse set of design choices, are opening up in the battery and electric vehicle landscape. For analysis on the developments in battery and electric vehicle technology and markets, please see IDTechEx’ report “Lithium-ion Batteries for
Electric Vehicles 2021-2031.” Contact: IDTechEx, One
Boston Place, Suite 2600, Boston, MA 02108 % 617-577-7890 fax: 617-577-7810 E-mail:
info@idtechex.com Web:
www.idtechex.com r
October, 2021
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