Evaluation of law enforcement 735


FIG. 2 Patrol staff performance in the Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve, Ghana (Fig. 1), during 2006–2017 measured as (a) mean monthly patrol distance walked, (b) mean monthly effective patrol days, and (c) mean monthly effective patrol man-days. Bars indicate SE. Different letters for years indicate significant differences at P = 0.05, detected with Tukey HSD post hoc tests.


mean monthly effective patrol man-days were 657 ± SE 14 during 2006–2017. The dynamics of patrol staff perform- ance differed significantly among years but there was no obvious trend (Fig. 2). Performance in 2006 was similar to the levels measured after 2014 in all three parameters, with peaks in 2010 (Fig. 2). Differences in the monthly distance walked by patrols


(Fig. 3a) and effective patrol days (Fig. 3b) were not signifi- cant. Effective patrolman-days were, however, significant- ly different, with a peak in March and a low in October (Fig. 3c), and higher in the dry (686 ± SE 18 patrol man- days) than in the wet season (628 ± SE 21 patrol man-days Fig. 3c).


Illegal activities


There were differences in the mean encounter rates of ille- gal activities during 2006–2017 (F(6, 947)= 52.5,P,0.001). The highest encounter rate was with snares, followed by gunshots heard. The lowest indices were confiscated fire- arms and poachers arrested (Table 1). There were annual increases in illegal activities encoun-


tered (comprising principally numbers of snares found, poachers observed and gunshots heard) following the im- plementation of ranger-based monitoring in 2004,toa peak catch per unit effort in 2009 (Fig. 4). Illegal activities then fell and remained relatively constant during 2012– 2017. There was no significant variation in catch per unit effort of illegal activities between months (Fig. 5).


FIG. 3 Monthly patrol staff performance in the Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve, Ghana measured as (a) mean patrol distance walked, (b) mean effective patrol days, and (c) mean effective patrol man-days. Bars indicate SE. Different letters indicate significant differences at P = 0.05, detected with Tukey HSD post hoc tests. The dry season is November–March and the wet season April–October.


Encounter rates of illegal activities decreased with in-


creased effective patrol days (r2 = 0.05,P = 0.008). Similarly, the encounter rates with illegal activities showed a signifi- cantly negative relationship with the increasing number of inhabitants in the district where Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve is located (r2 = 0.1,P , 0.001).


Discussion


Patrol staff performance The performance of patrol staff in Kogyae was lowest in 2006, most likely because the patrol-based monitoring system was then in the early phase of its implementation. Analysis of staff performance in the first 2 years (2005– 2006) after the implementation of the patrol-based moni- toring system in nine protected areas in Ghana (Jachmann, 2008a) revealed that performance of staff in Kogyae was 3.8–16.3 effective patrol days, similar to that of Ankasa Conservation Area (3.4–14.8 effective patrol days). Our study shows that patrol staff performance in Kogyae im- proved by c. 35%in 2007 (Fig. 2b), and was highest in 2010, primarily a result of motivation of rangers through external support from the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Accra in the form of food rations (J. Osei-Mensah, pers. comm., 2018). The findings of Jachmann’s analysis (2008a) aroused the interest of the management of the Ghanaian Wildlife Division in the patrol system, and motivations were offered across protected areas in Ghana (Jachmann, 2008a).


Oryx, 2021, 55(5), 732–738 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605320000228


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