706 U. Prajapati et al.
management plan will need to include hoteliers as stake- holders. We echo previous calls (Can et al., 2014; Dharaiya et al.,
2016) for improved geographical coverage of studies on sloth bear ecology and on the attitudes of people with whom they share spaces, to facilitate a holistic understanding of how this Vulnerable species interacts with humans. It is impor- tant that, wherever possible, such studies demonstrate the reliability of measures of attitudes and other information obtained from respondents. This is essential, to ensure that factors contributing to conflict situations can be reliably identified and that conservation planning includes actions on which stakeholders can agree. Our findings could help de-escalate or eliminate the conflict situation in Mount Abu, and prevent exacerbation of the conflict and retaliation against sloth bears.
Acknowledgements This research did not receive grants from any funding agency or commercial or not-for-profit sectors. We thank B. Kiri (District Forest Officer, Rajasthan Forest Department) for pro- viding information on cases of conflicts involving bears registered with the department; the Mount Abu municipality for information on the number of vehicles entering the town annually; Sanjay for assistance with field work; H.S. Bargali, Y.V. Bhatnagar, K. Mehta and two anonymous reviewers for their critiques.
Author contributions Study design: all authors; field work: UP; data analysis: KSGS, VKK; writing: KSGS; revisions: all authors.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards The work abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards, and the questionnaire and study methods were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Rajasthan, prior to the study.
References
ANAND,S.&RADHAKRISHNA,S.(2017) Investigating trends in human–wildlife conflict: is conflict escalation real or imagined? Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 10, 154–161.
BARGALI, H.S. & SHARMA, B.K. (2013) The status and conservation of sloth bear in Rajasthan. In Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates. Vol. 1. (eds B.K. Sharma, S. Kulshreshta & A.R. Rahmani), pp. 499–504. Springer Verlag, New York, USA.
BARGALI,H.S.,AKHTAR,N.&CHAUHAN,N.P.S. (2004) Feeding ecology of sloth bear in a disturbed area in central India. Ursus, 15, 212–217.
BARGALI, H.S., AKHTAR,N. & CHAUHAN, N.P.S. (2005) Characteristics of sloth bear attacks and human casualties in north Bilaspur forest division, Chattisgarh, India. Ursus, 16, 263–267.
BARTOŃ,K. (2019) MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package version 1.43.10. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn [accessed 10 December 2019].
BARUCH-MORDO, S., BRECK, S.W.,WILSON, K.R. & BRODERICK,J. (2011) The carrot or the stick? Evaluation of education and enforcement as management tools for human–wildlife conflict. PLOS ONE, 6,e15681.
BRECK, S.W., LANCE,N.&SEHER,V. (2009) Selective foraging for anthropogenic resources by black bears: minivans in Yosemite National Park. Journal of Mammalogy, 90, 1041–1044.
BURNHAM, K.P. & ANDERSON, D.R. (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2nd edition. Springer Verlag, New York, USA.
CAN, Ö.E., D’CRUZE, N., GARSHELIS, D.L., BEECHAM,J.& MACDONALD, D.W. (2014) Resolving human–bear conflict: a global survey of countries, experts, and key factors. Conservation Letters, 7, 501–513.
CHAMPION, H.G. & SETH, S.K. (1968) A Revised Study of the Forest Types of India. Government of India, New Delhi, India.
COZZI, G., CHYNOWETH, M., KUSAK, J., ÇOBAN, E., OZGUL,A.& ŞEKERCIOĞLU, Ç.H. (2016) Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year-round sedentary and migratory brown bears. Journal of Zoology, 300, 142–150.
DEBATA, S., SWAIN, K.K., SAHU, H.K. & PALEI, H.S. (2017) Human– sloth bear conflict in a human-dominated landscape of northern Odisha, India. Ursus, 27, 90–98.
DHAMORIKAR, A.H., MEHTA, P., BARGALI,H.&GORE,K.(2017) Characteristics of human–sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) encounters and the resulting human casualties in the Kanha-Pench corridor, Madhya Pradesh, India. PLOS ONE, 12,e0176612.
DHARAIYA, N., BARGALI, H.S.&SHARP,T.(2016) Melursus
ursinus.In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T13143A45033815.
dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13143A45033815.en [accessed 26 June 2020].
ESPINOSA,S.&JACOBSON, S.K. (2012) Human–wildlife conflict and environmental education: evaluating a community program to protect the Andean bear in Ecuador. The Journal of Environmental Education, 43, 55–65.
FERGUSON,A.F.&CO.(2019) Study on 20-Year Perspective Plan for Sustainable Tourism in Rajasthan. Final report. Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism, Art and Culture—Government of India, New Delhi, India.
pdfslide.net/documents/20-year-
perspective-plan-for-sustainable-tourism-in-rajasthan.html [accessed October 2020].
HASTIE,T. (2018) gam: Generalized Additive Modeling. R package version 1.16. R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna, Austria.
CRAN.R-project.org/package=gam [accessed 14 June 2018].
HOTHORN, T., HORNIK, K., STROBL,C.&ZEILEIS,A.(2019) party: A Laboratory for Recursive Partitioning. R package version 1.3-3. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
party.R-forge.R-project.org [accessed 14 June 2018].
INSKIP,C.&ZIMMERMANN,A.(2009) Human–felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx, 43, 18–34.
ISLAM, M.A., UDDIN, M., AZIZ, M.A., MUZAFFAR, S.B., CHAKMA, S., CHOWDHURY, S.U. et al. (2013) Status of bears in Bangladesh: going, going, gone? Ursus, 24, 83–90.
JOHANSSON, M., STØEN, O.G. & FLYKT,A.(2016) Exposure as an intervention to address human fear of bears. Human Dimensions ofWildlife, 21, 311–327.
JOHNSON, H.E., LEWIS, D.L., LISCHKA, S.A. & BRECK, S.W. (2018) Assessing ecological and social outcomes of a bear-proofing experiment. The Journal ofWildlife Management, 82, 1102‒1114.
JOSHI, A.R., GERSHELIS, D.L. & SMITH, J.L.D. (1997) Seasonal and habitat-related diets of sloth bears in Nepal. Journal of Mammalogy, 78, 584–597.
JOSHI, A.R., SMITH, J.L.D. & GERSHELIS, D.L. (1999) Sociobiology of the myrmecophagus sloth bear in Nepal. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 1690–1704.
KANSKY,R.&KNIGHT, A.T. (2014) Key factors driving attitudes towards large mammals in conflict with humans. Biological Conservation, 179, 93–105.
Oryx, 2021, 55(5), 699–707 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605320000216
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164
