Threatened mammals of India 665
FIG. 2 The activity overlap (grey area) and overlap coefficient (Δ)of anthropogenic disturbance (people, livestock and domestic dogs) with musk deer, Himalayan brown bear, Asiatic black bear, sambar, snow leopard and common leopard in Gangotri National Park and outside during summer in the Bhagirathi basin.
over a longer period. Long-termmonitoring could elucidate if and how these species persist in these habitats and climatic conditions. Our findings highlight the potential of the Bhagirathi
basin as a stronghold for several threatened and rare mam- mal species. Persistence of these species can be attributed to the presence of remote, rugged and undisturbed habitats, and seasonal absence of people and livestock. Nonetheless, the distribution of threatened species overlaps with human activities both spatially and temporally, and thus these species remain vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures. A better understanding of their distribution, abundance and resource utilization, and of the anthropogenic pressures they are exposed to, is required for conservation planning.
Acknowledgements This work is part of project initiated under the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem Programme funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India under grant no. DST/SPLICE/CCP/NMSHE/TF-2/WII/2014[G]. We thank V.B. Mathur, Director, Wildlife Institute of India and G.S. Rawat, Dean,Wildlife Institute of India for their guidance and support; D.V.S. Khati, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and ChiefWildlife Warden, Uttarakhand for granting us permission to conduct research; Sandeep Kumar,Divisional ForestOfficer and Shrawan Kumar, Deputy Director, Gangotri National Park for their support and cooperation; Nitin Bhushan for field work in Bhilangana valley during his internship; Naitik Patel for help with camera trapping; Lisa Koetke for language editing; Luca Corlatti for help with the analysis; and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
Author contributions Conception of study: SSK; field survey and design: SSK, TB, RP, ST, SA; data collection: RP, ST, SA; analysis: RP, TB. Writing: TB, RP, ST, SSK.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards. All field work was carried out with prior permission from Uttarakhand Forest Department (Letter no. 836/5-6).
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Oryx, 2021, 55(5), 657–667 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605319001352
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