Brown hairy dwarf porcupine 769
only 0.08% of the species’ range (Fig. 1a). In addition to the small EOO, the area of the 35 protected areas within the EOO is small (a mean of 29 km2 per protected area). The area surrounding the EOO is severely affected by extensive commercial plantations and urban settlements, with only c. 50% of the ecoregion unaffected (Armenteras et al., 2003; Sánchez-Cuervo et al., 2012; Angulo et al., 2019). This limits connectivity (Bright, 1993),which is important for the persist- ence of a species (Passos et al., 2016). Maintenance, exten- sion or connection of protected areas, connecting the relict habitats, could help to protect C. vestitus (Cofré & Marquet, 1999;Amori &Gippoliti, 2003; Armenteras et al., 2003). Conservation strategies and financial resources need to
be established for threatened and endemic species and for species with restricted distributions (Cofré & Marquet, 1999; Isaac et al., 2007). However, for mammals most monitor- ing and conservation efforts are directed at large or cha- rismatic species. Less attention has been directed at rodents, even though the group has a high extinction rate (Amori & Gippoliti, 2001, 2003;Armenteraset al., 2003). Prioritizing the conservation of C. vestitus has the potential to contribute to the protection of the ecosystems in which it occurs and of co-occurring species.We recommend that national agencies prioritize this porcupine species, together with other species in urgent need of monitoring. Porcupines remain a poorly known group, both at nation-
al andNeotropical levels (Voss, 2011). Knowledge of the ecol- ogy of C. vestitus is mostly based on inference from other porcupine species (e.g. Alberico & Moreno, 2006;Weksler et al., 2016). Our compilation of information on C. vestitus highlights the need for further fieldwork and data collection. Nevertheless, threats to porcupines are evident, in particular loss of habitat, illegal trade, road-kills, and hunting for con- sumption (de Freitas et al., 2013; Racero-Casarrubia et al., 2016). In Colombia, illegal captivity has also been documen- ted (on a voucher specimen label; Table 1) as a threat to the species. Our compilation of data and our findings form the basis for further research and for the establishment of con- servation strategies and future evaluations of the distribution and conservation status of C. vestitus.
Acknowledgements We thank Hugo López (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia) and Cristian Cruz Rodríguez (Museo de La Salle) for allowing us to review specimens under their care; Luiz H. Varzinczak for useful comments on the text; Pedro Pulido, Sergio Chaparro and Carlos Aya for sharing records and photographs; and Mario Ernesto Jijón Palma for help with the map. MMTM thanks Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil (Finance Code 001) for support. HERC thanks Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (Andrés M. Cuervo and María López Rodríguez) for access to voucher specimens, and The Rufford Small Grants (Grants 23710-1 and 29491-2), the Universidad de Caldas (projects 0743919 and 0223418), and the Science and Scholarship Committee of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, for support. FCP thanks the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Grant 307303/2017-9).
Author contributions Project design:MMT-M, HER-C; data collec- tion: MMT-M, HER-C, EAN-U; evaluation of rarity and threatened status:MMT-M, FCP; writing: MMT-M, HER-C.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards.
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