642 Stephanie Brittain et al.
However, human rights should not be an afterthought, and concerns remain about the extent to which the Half-Earth project will ensure protection and fulfilment of the rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities. Thus, over the past 60 years, despite significant advances
in acknowledgement of the rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities in global conservation policy, a more fragmented picture is apparent in the pages of Oryx. Publications about community involvement in empirical case studies have focused mainly on instrumental argu- ments about the biodiversity outcomes of involving com- munities as partners; discussions of rights have been discussed principally in editorials and other opinion pieces. Meanwhile, widespread rights abuses in the name of con- servation have continued. As we look towards 2050, it is time that human rights obligations are brought to the fore of conservation research and action rather than viewed as optional or simply as a means to achieve conservation goals. One essential step to- wards this is for conservationists to embrace international human rights law and policy commitments and ‘ensure that conservation actions are not only effective, but also compatible with international law and morally responsible’ (Newing & Perram, 2019,p. 596). This suggestion was mir- rored in 2021 in an Open Letter to all States from the UN Special Rapporteur on human rights and the environment, which stated that ‘a rights-based approach to conservation is an obligation, not an option, because of the international human rights commitments made by all States’ (Boyd, 2021, p. 2). Thus ultimately the management and establishment of protected areas in full compliance with the rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities requires these rights to be acknowledged and reflected in national laws, and working towards this is a task that conservationists continue to face today. In finishing, it is relevant to turn to procedural rights,
which include the right to inclusion and participation in decision-making. To fulfil these rights for Indigenous peo- ples and local communities, they must have the opportunity, where desired, to present their own case studies and opinion pieces in the various fora that contribute to evolving dis- courses in conservation and to decision-making on policy and practice, including academic journals. This will require more flexibility from journal editors and reviewers and more innovative approaches from researchers towards collaborative research and co-authorship. In response to this need, this retrospective virtual issue will be followed in due course by a special theme in Oryx on conservation and human rights, predominantly comprising articles by Indigenous authors. The special theme will aim to advance and nuance current discussions about the relationship between conservation and human rights, both in terms of
how to improve recognition of rights in conservation and also in terms of how this can facilitate effective conservation.
This Editorial and the Oryx articles cited herein are freely available as a virtual issue of the journal at
cambridge.org/ core/journals/oryx/virtual-issues.
References
ADAMS,W.&THOMAS,D.(1996) Conservation and sustainable resource use in the Hadejia–Jama’are Valley, Nigeria. Oryx, 30, 131–142.
BERTRAM,C.(1963) Man Pressure. Oryx, 7, 97–101. BOYD,D.(2017) Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment. Open Letter to all Permanent Missions to the United Nations Office at Geneva. 21 January 2021, United Nations Human Rights Special Procedures, Geneva, Switzerland.
ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Environment/ SREnvironment/Geneva-Climate-Nature-en.pdf [accessed 12 July 2021].
BÜSCHER, B., FLETCHER, R., BROCKINGTON, D., SANDBROOK, C., ADAMS,W.M., CAMPBELL, L. et al. (2017a) Half-Earth or Whole Earth? Radical ideas for conservation, and their implications. Oryx, 51, 407–410.
BÜSCHER, B., FLETCHER, R., BROCKINGTON, D., SANDBROOK, C., ADAMS, B., CAMPBELL, L. et al. (2017b) Doing Whole Earth justice: a reply to Cafaro et al. Oryx, 51, 401–401.
CAFARO, P., BUTLER, T., CRIST, E., CRYER, P., DINERSTEIN, E., KOPNINA, H. et al. (2017) If we want a whole Earth, nature needs half: A response to Büscher et al. Oryx, 51, 400–400.
COLCHESTER,M.(1998) Who will garrison the fortress? A reply to Spinage. Oryx, 34, 245–248.
CBD (CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY)(2019) Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Discussion Paper. Notes by the Executive Secretary. CBD/POST2020/PREP/1/1. 25 January 2019.
CURRY-LINDAHL,K. (1975) National parks—their role in the modern world. Oryx, 13, 77–84.
HORWICH, R.H. (1990) How to develop a community sanctuary – an experimental approach to the conservation of private lands. Oryx, 24, 95–102.
HUTTON, J., ADAMS,W.M. & MUROMBEDZI, J.C. (2005) Back to the barriers? Changing narratives in biodiversity conservation. Forum for Development Studies, 32, 341–370.
HUTTON,J.&LEADER-WILLIAMS,N.(2003) Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: realigning human and conservation interests. Oryx, 37, 215–226.
NEWING,H.&PERRAM,A. (2019) What do you know about conservation and human rights? Oryx, 53, 595–596.
OATES,J.(1995) The dangers of conservation by rural development— a case-study from the forests of Nigeria. Oryx, 29, 115–122.
SPINAGE,C.(1998) Social change and conservation misrepresentation in Africa. Oryx, 32, 265–276.
STEARMAN,A. & REDFORD,K.(1995) Game management and cultural survival: the Yuquí Ethnodevelopment Project in lowland Bolivia. Oryx, 29, 29–34.
WESTERN,D.(2001) Taking the broad view of conservation— a response to Adams and Hulme. Oryx, 35, 201–203.
WORTHINGTON,E.(1965) Can the Earth support us all? Oryx, 8, 25–27.
Oryx, 2021, 55(5), 641–642 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000946
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