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continuing to incorporate traditions of earlier periods such as the clinker construction technique.


45.


The great innovations in ship design during this period were stimulated by the development and growth of new trans-oceanic communication networks which saw the opening up of the New World. The late 15th and early 16th century voyages of exploration precipitated global mercantile trade and expansion and the emergence of the “Golden Age” in northern Europe (Glete 1999) with the establishment of the East India Company in 1599.


46.


By the beginning of the 17th century the volume of trade, and the numbers of vessels involved in such trade, increased dramatically. The length of voyages, the hazards of trans-oceanic journeys and the requirements of trade saw the evolution of even larger vessels with round-bellied, capacious holds to accommodate both stores and cargo.


47.


The East Coast played a key role in this “Golden Age” with established overseas trade connections ranging from the Baltic Sea to the Iberian peninsular and beyond (Williams 1988: 70). By the late 18th century, statistics from the Lloyds Register of the English and Welsh regions (1776) attributed 10% of the total of shipbuilding tonnage to East Anglia (Goldenberg 1973:424; Stammer 1999:254). It is notable that at least ten of the 18 documented shipping losses dating to the 18th century within the East Anglia THREE offshore cable corridor were cargo vessels, a testament of the growth in trade during this period.


48. Alongside this global growth of trade and prosperity came an increasing need to protect financial interests and from the 16th to mid 19th centuries the separation of merchant ships and ships built for fighting also became more marked. Fighting ships were designed to fight broadside to broadside with heavy ordnance. Battles at sea became larger and more destructive and a standing Royal Navy, established during the Tudor period, grew to become an established and organised force. The expansion of the Navy in the Tudor period also saw the opening of a network of royal dockyards.


49.


The East Coast region was subject to three major battles during the 17th century (Wessex Archaeology 2003) (Figure 17.14). The Battle of Gabbard Shoal (1653), The Battle of Lowestoft (1665) and the Battle of Sole Bay (1672) formed part of the Anglo-Dutch wars, a series of wars fought for control of the seas and trade routes rather than territory and marking a new era in the history of naval warfare. Twenty Dutch ships and two English vessels were lost during the Battle of Lowestoft with


Preliminary Environmental Information May 2014


East Anglia THREE Offshore Windfarm


Appendix 17.1 Potential Archaeological Receptors


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