England’s existing trade routes across the North Sea functioning into the 9th century, although a lower volume of trade passed along them (Friel 2003:44). The first evidence of a purpose-built English royal naval force comes from this period at the time of Alfred (King of Wessex 871-99), when a fleet of large, oared ships was built to help fight the invading Danes (English Heritage 2012:5). Following the Danish raid in Kent in 885, Alfred’s fleet is recorded to have travelled up the River Stour where a battle with the Danes took place (Asser 1983:87). Although the Anglo-Saxon fleet emerged as victorious, they were caught unaware when attempting to leave the Stour and were attacked and defeated by a Danish force at the mouth of the river (Huntingdon 1969:81).
37. Direct evidence for seafaring activity of this period within the offshore East Anglian region includes the timbers of a clinker vessel (c. AD 890 to AD 970) at Buss Creek and two oaken rudders (c. AD 850 to AD 950) found close to Southwold in the 1980s (Bacon 1996:18-22). The first rudder was trawled up in a fishing net in 1981 while the larger was washed up on the beach at Easton and found by a fisherman after a storm in 1986. To highlight the rarity of vessel remains dating to this period, the Early Ships and Boats project revealed that just 40 records within England’s wreck resource have a date range that falls within the post-Roman to Norman Conquest (410 to 1066 AD) period, comprising four boat burials (including the early 7th century Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge, Suffolk), 28 logboats (none of which were identified as surviving in an archaeological context), six findspots and one undesignated wreck (Wessex Archaeology 2013:34).
38.
By the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066 many East Anglian ports had developed into busy trading centres, with Norfolk and Suffolk establishing larger fleets than any other region of England at this time (Williams 1988:257). This expansion continued throughout the medieval period with the southern North Sea acting as the artery for increasing trade between the UK and Europe.
39.
Fishing was also important and during the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries the most notable market in Norfolk and Suffolk was that of preserved fish (Hutchinson 1994: 129). Great Yarmouth, in particular, became one of the major herring markets in Europe. English ‘Doggers’ of 30 to 40 tonnes, with crew of 20 to 30, began fishing in Icelandic waters from the 14th century onwards (Hutchinson 1994: 57). These fleets acted in convoy throughout the 15th century, reaching a peak in the early 16th century (Marcus 1954: 296).
40.
The available archaeological and historical evidence indicates the evolution of a wide range of vessel types during the medieval period associated with the increasing need for inexpensive and spacious cargo transporters and the need to defend these
Preliminary Environmental Information May 2014
East Anglia THREE Offshore Windfarm
Appendix 17.1 Potential Archaeological Receptors
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