Of particular concern is nutrition’s low profile in the current SDG framing. There are a total 169 draft targets: 109 on what to achieve and 60 on how to achieve them. Only 1 of 109 draft “what” targets is directly related to malnutrition:
Target 2.2 by 2030 end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving by 2025 the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under five years of age, and address the nutritional needs of ado- lescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons (Open Working Group on Sustainable Develop- ment Goals 2014)
None of the 60 “how” targets relate directly to nutrition.
The broad nature of target 2.2 suggests that the nutrition com- munity must become more engaged in the post-2015 process to position nutrition thoughtfully and strategically in the post-2015 development accountability framework. At a minimum, govern- ment and civil society nutrition champions should work together to embed not only targets related to stunting and wasting, but all six internationally agreed WHA targets within the 169 targets (see Table 2.3).
How would these additional targets fit into the SDG targets? First, the language in SDG target 2.2 suggests there is space
for more targets within it. Second, a better approach may be to work with allies to embed nutrition indicators in other goals and targets (Haddad 2013). Both approaches should be explored. Table 2.4 gives examples of proposed SDG targets in which additional nutrition targets could be embedded, and these rep- resent areas in which nutrition champions should intensify their engagement and advocacy.
TIMEFRAMES FOR IMPROVING NUTRITION SHOULD BE MORE AMBITIOUS
SDG target 2.2 also needs more specifics on time-bound targets beyond “by 2030 end all forms of malnutrition.” These SDG targets in general have been critiqued as being so unrealistic as to render them meaningless for accountability purposes and a poor guide to action (Horton 2014). But what are realistic time- frames for improving nutrition?
As noted, in 2012 the World Health Organization (WHO) member states endorsed the six WHA global targets for improv- ing maternal, infant, and young child nutrition by 2025 (WHO 2014a). The rationale for the selection of these six indicators, and the setting of the targets for them, is outlined in de Onis et al. (2013).2
Chapter 3 will show that the world is not on course to meet any of the six WHA goals. Given this lack of progress,
FIGURE 2.1 BENEFIT-COST RATIOS OF SCALING UP NUTRITION-SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS FOR STUNTING REDUCTION IN SELECTED COUNTRIES 56 53 48 44 34 29 27 23 18 16 13 13 6 4 15 12 19 17 13 11 6 11 9 11 10 7 12 19 20 16 10 17 14 18 13 13 25 31 28 36
Source: Hoddinott et al. (2013), and additional country estimates made by the authors based on the methodology in Hoddinott et al. (2013). Note: The benefit-cost ratios are for scaling up the nutrition-specific interventions described in Bhutta et al. (2013a).
ACTIONS & ACCOUNTABILITY TO ACCELERATE THE WORLD’S PROGRESS ON NUTRITION 9
Bangladesh India
Nepal Pakistan
Sri Lanka Benin
Burkina Faso Burundi
Cameroon Chad
Côte d'Ivoire DRC
Ethiopia Ghana
Guinea Kenya Liberia
Madagascar Malawi Mali
Mozambique Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda Senegal
Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania Togo
Uganda Zambia Egypt
Myanmar Indonesia Lao PDR
Philippines Viet Nam Yemen Haiti
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