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TABLE 6.2 Education and labor statistics for Ghana, 1990s and 2000s Indicator
Primary school enrollment (percent gross, three-year average) Secondary school enrollment (percent gross, three-year average) Adult literacy rate
Percent employed in agriculture Under-five malnutrition (weight for age) Source: Authors’ calculations based on World Development Indicators (World Bank 2009).
school (three-year average) and that more than 50 percent of children gained access to secondary education in 2008. These improvements in access to formal education are reflected in the adult literacy rate of 65 percent in 2007. Literacy has the potential of reducing the population’s vulnerability to economic shocks through improved access to income sources other than agriculture. Figure 6.4 shows data for Ghana on two noneconomic correlates of pov-
erty: life expectancy and under-five mortality. The correlates are widely used as indicators of well-being. Life expectancy rose from 45 years in 1960 to almost 60 years in 1990 but declined to 57 years in 2009. Under-five mortality
FIGURE 6.4 Well-being indicators in Ghana, 1960–2008 60 200 40 150 100 20 50 0 1960 1970 1980 Source: World Development Indicators (World Bank 2009).
Life expectancy at birth Under-five mortality rate