Page 62 Continued from page 60 


amount of re-melt or recast layer. The numbers are nearly twice that of the UM-1 Nd: YAG and the U-20 Nd: YVO4 laser marking systems. The conclusion here is that the fiber laser, whether marking lightly and fast or harder and slow, still causes


MarkingSystem& Type


UM1Light UM1Dark U20Light U20Dark UF30Light UF30Dark


0.0002 0.0002 0.0005 0.0008 0.0005


www.us-tech.com Laser Marking: Scratching the Surface


20 have pulse durations of 8 nanosec- onds (ns). The UF-30 or fiber lasers in general, have a pulse duration of 100ns, more than 10 times that of the other two units being tested. This means that each and every pulse sits on the part 10 times longer and that excessive heat is what is causing the


SurfaceIrregularity


Predominant Maximum Minimum <0.0001


<0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 0.0004 0.0009 0.0012


0.0002 0.0005 0.0003 0.0006 0.0013 0.0018


ReMeltLayer MaxDepth (in)*


<0.0001 0.0001 <0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0008


Remeltdepthincludesanyheataffectedareaadjacenttorecastmaterial. Test results for 3 different laser setups.


too much surface degradation in the form of HAZ and recasting/re-melt layers.


The UM-1 and U-20 are very


similar in spite of the difference of 19 watts of output power. It can now be determined that wattage is not the key factor for causing this surface damage. The major factor here is the pulse duration of these units — the amount of time it takes from the beginning of the pulse to the very end of the laser pulse. The UM-1 and U-


surface irregularities and degrada- tion to be more severe. The next step during this


process is to actually put the marked sample tubes through Impulse Cycling Testing or Impulse Fatigue Testing as this is the primary test to ensure that the markings will not cause any of the defect issues men- tioned earlier. The testing complies with SAE Aerospace Standard AS603B, Revised 2009-02, ANSI NCSL Z540-1, and ISO 17025:2005


Radius N/A


0.00017 0.00027 0.00029 0.0009 0.00035


specifications. Since the UF-30 did not pass the original tests, and the UM-1 is not fast enough to meet most of the cycle times needed for automa- tion, the U-20 was the only system tested for this process. There was an unmarked control


tube and two tubes laser marked by RMI Laser’s U-20. The tubes were marked with 12 digit part number, date code, 10 digit serial number and the pressure rating of the tube. The test itself was for 200,000 cycles which replicates the life of a typical fuel line and was completed without any failures. Thus, the U-20 laser marking system is capable of per- forming high contrast and high speed markings without concern for HAZ, recasting/re-melt layers, stress ris- ers, or micro-cracking. We have thus learned that laser marking systems are capable of per-


forming markings on sensitive com- ponents or parts that require mark- ings without surface degradation. However, not all laser marking tech- nologies are ideal for such applica- tions and caution must be used when deciding what type of marking sys- tem to use. When comparing laser marking


to other marking methods, lasers really do stand out. There are no con- sumables or disposal involved, there is lower cost of ownership, they require little maintenance, are digi- tally driven, easy to automate and integrate, provide precision marking control, marking versatility, and reduced cycle times. Contact: RMI Laser, LLC, 106


Laser Drive, Building #2, Lafayette, CO 80026 % 303-664-9000 fax: 303- 664-9090 E-mail: info@rmilaser.net Web: www.rmilaser.net r


Remote Alarming for Power Grids


Continued from page 55


support several distributed SCOM- 100 units, limited only by the total I/O number. All SMS functionality remains intact during GPRS opera- tion.


Fault Detection Relay At each substation, a special


CSZ HALT & HASS Test Chambers Improve Product Reliability


Implementing a HALT & HASS Program Can...


· Improve Time to Market · Ensure Product Quality & Reliability · Reduce Warranty Costs 


fault detection relay is installed that detects earth ground faults and pro- vides a plain contact as an alarm in the case of a fault. The BSC-50 GSM/GPRS dataloggers monitor these faults and limits breaches and then transmit respective coded mes- sages via SMS to a control center. The BSC-50s were also programmed to transmit “I am alive” messages at reg- ular schedules to the control center to relay their operational status, with a maximum of 20 users/recipients. When an earth ground fault is


detected in a substation, that substa- tion is then automatically taken offline, and manual or remote opera- tions are then needed to place the substation back on the grid. If the fault persists, then the substation’s local automation ensures that the station is not placed back on the grid. At the control center, a PC is


Learn more at www.haltandhass.com www.cszindustrial.com


Cincinnati Sub-Zero Cincinnati, OH (p) 513-772-8810


installed to run the monitoring soft- ware that logs, monitors and reports the operational status of the remote alarming dataloggers. The PC runs Windows® XP Pro executing WA Manager software, and is also con- nected to a GSM modem. Also in the control center, a mimic diagram showing the geographic location of the substations and their BSC-50 devices is installed, with built in red- colored LEDs at each substation. These LEDs are cabled to the M2M (machine to machine) SCOM100 alarm receiver device, connecting to the controller’s digital outputs. When an alarm occurs at a BSC-50, two messages are immediately sent: one to the control center monitoring sta- tion running WA Manager, and one to the receiver device to switch on an LED at the mimic diagram. As soon as the fault is rectified, the LED can be switched off by flipping a switch on the base mimic diagram.


Immediate Benefits The utility company benefited


immediately from installing the


Infinite SCom-100 GSM/GPRS Controller exterior.


Estimated time reduction in


identifying and rectifying problems on the grid is very high. The only proce- dure used previously was to send a maintenance crew to visit the substa- tions and see which station’s outdoor lamp was off and report back to the control center. Then operations to reroute power had to be made on a time-intensive trial-and-error basis. Using the new remote alarming sys- tem, management can instantly see the LEDs on the mimic and know just where to send the crew, which keeps the time substations are off the grid to a minimum by improving problem detection and response times. Contact: CAS DataLoggers,


Inc., 12628 Chillicothe Road, Chesterland, Ohio 44026 % 800-956-4437 or 440-729-2570 E-mail: sales@dataloggerinc.com Web: www.dataloggerinc.com r


Infinite BSC-50 remote alarming system to monitor ground current at its power substations. The SCOM controller received SMS from the remote dataloggers and lit the LED lamps on a mimic diagram so that users at the control center could now both visualize the location of the faults and see the sequence of failing substations in order to perform remote operations if possible or to order a maintenance crew to visit a specific point on the grid to reroute power and maintain power in the areas which had been taken off the grid. The system is very cost-effec- tive, with one product handling all the remote monitoring and sending the data back to the SCOM receiver and the control room mimic.


April, 2012


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