* know the rules of Academic painting and * be able to discuss Manet’s influence on the
how Manet went against these Impressionist artists.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Paris was a chaotic, overcrowded city. Crime and disease were rife.
One of Napoleon III’s first acts in 1852 was to re-enact the vision of his uncle’s plans to ‘modernise’ the city. He hired civic planner Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who completely transformed the structure of Paris. In this grand new urban landscape, quays and bridges were built, neighbourhoods were demolished, streets were widened and thousands of trees were planted on new boulevards. A massive network of sewers was constructed under the city streets.
Figure 11.1 The Grand boulevards at the corner of Place de l’Opéra, Paris.
