Quadriceps (front of thigh)


Te quadriceps femoris is a group of four large muscles located on the front of the femur. When contracted, the quadriceps muscle extends the knee. One of the quadriceps (rectus femoris) also assists in flexing the hip joint.


Hamstring (back of thigh) Located on the back of the femur, the hamstring consists of three muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris) acting together. When contracted, it flexes the knee joint. It also helps extend the hip joint.


FIGURE 4.17: Primary muscles of the lower leg and ankle


TIBIALIS ANTERIOR


PERONEUS LONGUS


PERONEUS BREVIS


GATROCNEMIUS


TIBIALIS POSTERIOR


SOLEUS


Lower Leg


Te muscles of the lower leg control foot and ankle movements. Because the ankle is in direct contact with the ski boot, and the boot is the lever that transmits forces to the ski, ankle movements are crucial for fore/aft adjustments in skiing. Many of the following muscles in the lower leg also work to maintain standing posture and aid in knee flexion.


Tibialis anterior (shin)


Tis is primarily responsible for ankle flexion or dorsiflexion, and is essential for managing fore/aft pressure control. Te tibialis anterior in also involved in foot inversion.


Gastrocnemius and Soleus (calf)


Tese two muscles on the back of the lower leg constitute the calf. While the gastrocnemius flexes the knee, they both plantar flex the ankle and help maintain standing posture.


Peroneus longus and Brevis (outer side of calf/lower leg) Tese two muscles create foot eversion and aid in ankle plantar flexion.


Tibialis posterior (middle lower leg)


Tis muscle is a key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. It also aids in foot inversion and ankle plantar flexion.


TheSnowPros.org CHAPTER 4: BIOMECHANICS OF SKIING 69


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