effective posture
The body position from which a skier has the greatest amount of movement options.
efficiency The expenditure of the minimum amount of energy required to accomplish a given task; the expenditure of the required amount of energy to get the maximum performance from the equipment; or the ratio of the input energy to the output movement or performance.
equilibrium
A state of balance between opposing forces.
evaluation phase
The phase in the movement analysis model involving the ability to assess observations and distill complex techni- cal information into simplified, accurate conclusions.
eversion
Movement of a body part inward; the action of the foot rolling inward, as in the foot movement that occurs when a skier tips the outside ski onto its inside edge. Typically, this is associated with foot pronation. See also inversion.
exercise line
A means of teaching in which the instructor delivers new information progressively, starting with stationary exercises and simple actions and increasing in complexity as the exer- cise line proceeds. Also known as a Progression.
exercises
Situations and tasks instructors create to break down and isolate certain movements and skills for development. Exercises are often combined into a progression, or exercise line.
extend
To make longer; to stretch or open, e.g., extend a joint.
extension
Any movement that increases (i.e., opens) the angle (as expressed in degrees) of a joint. At times, a skier extends the knee, hip, and ankle joints simultaneously. See also flexion.
fan progression
An exercise line in which the skier per- forms a movement or skill in progressive steps, with each step being slightly more challenging that the previous one; specifically one in which the skier starts with a shallow traverse and builds to steeper arcs in the fall line.
feature
Any manmade element a skier can ride or jib on, including rails, boxes, jumps, spines, halfpipes, quarterpipes, tables, etc.
feedback
Information instructors give students about their performance; helps clarify if and/or what action is needed to achieve a desired result; or information instruc- tors receive from students by watching and listening.
finish phase The last third of a turn, beginning shortly after the fall line and continuing until the skier achieves the desired direction change.
flex
To bend a limb or joint. flexion
Any movement that decreases (i.e., closes) the angle (as expressed in degrees) of a joint. Often, this entails bending the spine, knee, hip, and ankle joints simultaneously. See also extension.
TheSnowPros.org friction
Resistance to an object sliding across a surface. A ski sliding on ice experiences less friction than a ski sliding through wet snow.
frontal plane
An anatomical plane that divides the body into front and back halves. Lateral movements occur in this plane.
fundamental movements An umbrella term for how skiers move. These movements include flexion/ extension and rotation; and specific references such as inversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, and adduction/abduction.
extensors
Muscles that enable extension at a joint. For example, the hip muscles act to extend the thigh away from the abdo- men, and the trunk muscles cause the spine to arch backward.
extrinsic feedback
A reward given to a student for a good performance; undermines intrinsic moti- vation. Also see Intrinsic motivation.
fall line
An imaginary line that follows the steepest line of descent; the path along which a ball would roll if released down the slope.
falling leaf
An exercise in which the skier alternately carves or skids forward and backward on the same set of edges to move down the hill in an imaginary corridor, so named because the pattern resembles a falling leaf; plural leafs.
fore
Toward the tip of the skis. forward lean
Measured in degrees, the design of a boot that establishes a certain amount of ankle dorsiflexion and limits plantar flexion; adjustable in some boots.
freeride
A style of skiing (or snowboarding) that encompasses tree runs, steeps, bowls, all-mountain natural terrain, powder, and backcountry; riding the entire mountain.
freestyle
A style of skiing (or snowboarding) that encompasses jumping, butters/presses, halfpipes, rails/boxes spines, tabletops, and other natural and manmade terrain features.
force
A push or a pull that acts on a body and changes its position or speed. The forces most relevant to skiing are gravity, friction, and centripetal force.
flexors
The muscles that cause flexion at a joint. float
A sensation of lightness derived from riding in powder or through the air; or to rise to, or ride on, the surface of the snow.
footbeds
Inserts for ski boots designed to support the foot and/or provide a neutral stance.
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