angulation
Laterally tipping the body relative to the slope by creating angles between various body parts. It allows a skier to adjust edge angle and maintain balance toward the outside ski. Examples are hip angulation and knee angulation.
anticipation
A psychological and/or physical preparation. In skiing, this refers to a movement in preparation for turning, in which the upper body actively turns to face downhill or remains facing downhill as the skis continue to turn across the hill. Strong rotational input is transferred to the skis when the edges are released.
apex
The highest point a skier can attain based on speed, line, and trajectory, either in the pipe or off a jump; or the farthest point of a turn, approximately midway through the arc, in which the skis point straight down the fall line. Also used to indicate peak forces in a turn.
approach
The in-run and line to a feature; the movements and tactics a skier uses before reaching the takeoff zone of a feature; areas in the park and pipe designed for setting speed and prepar- ing to use a feature; not a good place to stand. Also indicates moving toward a feature. In relation to PSIA-AASI’s ATML Model, approach represents the first word of the acronym that refers to the sequence of approach, takeoff, maneuver, and landing a skier or rider performs in a freestyle setting.
arc
The curved path of the skis during a turn. Also the flight path off a jump, which, ideally, aligns the skis to land flat on the pitch of the landing zone.
assess
To collect important clues and evaluate student characteristics, such as emo- tional makeup, expectations, sensory and learning preferences, physical ability, and snowsports experience. These clues indicate how the student may receive information and respond to learning.
assessment
The process of evaluating student char- acteristics to determine how to structure individualized, effective lessons.
athletic stance
A body position in which the skier is in balance without excessive leaning (laterally, fore, or aft) and is aligned over the feet. Defined by the ability of the person to move in any direction at any time.
ATMLTM
A freestyle teaching model developed by PSIA-AASI, in which four phases – the approach, takeoff, maneuver, and landing – are observed to evaluate performance on any terrain feature. Also known as the ATML Method or ATML Model. ATML Model or ATML Method refers to a movement analysis tool based on ATML.
auditory learners
Students who process information verbally and cognitively. These students enjoy descriptions and talking about their experiences.
axis
A line about which something rotates; a reference line for human movement.
backcountry
Areas outside area boundaries; see also off-piste and sidecountry.
balance
A state of equilibrium that provides both a source for and an outcome of effective movement; when the skier’s center of mass and base of support are aligned to counteract the forces generated from the snow.
balancing
As referenced in PSIA’s early Skills Concept, balancing was considered the underlying prerequisite for any action taken on skis.
balancing movements Muscular actions to maintain equilib- rium, or the desired alignment, on skis or a snowboard. These movements are usually divided into two categories: 1) actions that affect fore/aft balance and 2) actions that affect lateral balance.
ball-and-socket joint
A joint in which a knob-like part of one bone fits into a socket of another, allowing rotation as well as flexion and extension. The hip and shoulder joints are ball-and-socket joints.
banking
A form of inclination that describes a relatively straight body leaning toward the inside of a turn.
base
The bottom surface of skis or snowboards.
base of support (BOS) The location of a skier’s weight on the snow.
beginner/novice zone
A component of the “skier zones” used to categorize general ability level. Skiers in this zone range from “never-evers” to those able to effectively control speed and turn shape on most beginner terrain.
bevel
The measurement, in degrees, of the amount of material removed from the base and/or edges of the skis to achieve certain edging characteristics.
big air
A trick or maneuver in which the skier gets significant air; or a competition featuring judged aerial maneuvers.
biomechanics
The study of mechanical principles affecting movement of the living body.
blocking
Any movement or action that reduces or eliminates movement in a given direction. Skiers typically limit rotation of the upper body by “blocking” with their internal muscles or with an external device, such as a ski pole in the snow.
blocking pole plant
An abrupt pole plant used to stop or control upper body rotation.
body performance
An element of movement analysis in which the instructor observes how a student’s body movement influences performance.
138 PSIA ALPINE TECHNICAL MANUAL
TheSnowPros.org
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