garlands
A series of linked “half turns,” in which the skier turns down the fall line, then turns back across the hill in the original direction of travel.
giant slalom
Considered a technical discipline in ski racing, the course is set with gates farther apart than in slalom, dictating medium-to-long radius turns.
gliding joint
A joint in which the bones glide (slide) along their smooth surfaces, with a limited range of movement; also known as “plane” or “arthroidial” joints. These joints are typically found in the wrists, ankles, and in the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae.
gliding wedge
A means of developing early ski skills and speed control without turning, in which the skier adjusts the width and size of the wedge (e.g., from large wedge to small wedge back to large wedge) to get a feel for the slipping action of edged skis over the snow.
goal
A purpose, aspiration, intent, outcome, or end to be met.
grab
To grasp and hold the skis (versus a brief touch or slap) during an aerial maneuver; the act of grasping and holding onto the skis during a maneuver.
gravity
A force acting perpendicular to the earth’s surface; a primary motive force in snowsports.
guiding
See steering halfpipe
A terrain park feature that resembles a large pipe with the top half removed; a type of ski or snowboard competition which features judged runs in a halfpipe. Also see Quarterpipe.
hinge joint
A joint in which a convex part of one bone fits into a concave part of another, allowing motion in only one plane. Knee and finger joints are hinge joints.
hit
A jump, pipe air, or rail slide, etc.; to ride a park feature.
hockey stop
A maneuver in which the skier quickly turns the skis sideways to the direction of travel and sets the edges, causing the skis to skid rapidly to a stop.
homogeneous group A class comprising students of comparable speed and level.
hop
To move by leaping or springing from both feet at once; or the movement thus created.
horizontal plane
An anatomical plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves. Rotational movements occur along this plane.
inclination
Any kind of tipping of a body part relative to the slope. Inclination is the general term for any lateral movement of a skier toward the inside of a turn. A skier can tip different parts of the body to a different degree (angulation) or incline the entire body into the slope (banking).
inertia
The tendency of an object to remain in its current state of motion (or lack of motion) unless acted upon by external forces sufficient to effect a change.
initiation phase
The beginning, or approximately top third of a turn.
innervation
The process by which a brain signal stimulates a muscle for action.
inside ski
Considering a turn as part of a circle, the ski that is closest to the center of the circle is the inside ski of the turn.
instructor behavior
The portion of the Teaching Model in which the instructor learns about the student and establishes an open, trusting, learning environment. Also known as the Teaching Cycle.
isometric tension
Muscle tension with no change in the length of the muscle.
jib (or jibbing)
A playful description for the way skiers or riders jump off and onto all sort of different bumps, stumps, jumps, and anything else they can find; or anything skier or rider can playfully jump off or onto.
joint
A point where two or more bones are joined by ligaments and move relative to each other.
jump turns
Turns in which most of the rotation is accomplished in the air.
kicker
A pile of snow formed to help the skier or rider get into the air.
kinesthetic
A term that refers to forces that act outside the body to create a sensation, such as the boot pressing upon the leg.
kinesthetic learner
A person who process information through feelings and sensations (also known as proprioceptive learning).
intensity
The amount of effort or power given to a movement (which the instructor observes as a quantifiable element of movement analysis).
intermediate zone
A component of the “skier zones” used to categorize general ability level. Skiers in this zone can perform consistent parallel turns on beginner and easy intermediate terrain.
intrinsic motivation
Learning for the joy of learning; not for a reward; motivation driven from within.
inversion
Movement of a body part outward; the action of the foot rolling outward, as in the foot movement that occurs when a skier tips the inside ski onto its outside edge. Typically, this is associated with foot supination. See also eversion.
142 PSIA ALPINE TECHNICAL MANUAL
TheSnowPros.org
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