physics
The study of matter, energy, motion, and force.
piste
A term for a slope that is groomed and prepared. See also off piste.
pivot/pivoting
To rotate or the act of rotating a ski about an axis perpendicular to the surface of the snow.
pivot point
A point around which the skis rotate, generally at the center of the skis.
pivot slip
A maneuver in which a descending skier quickly pivots the skis to slip sideways while continuing to travel in the same direction as before.
planes of motion
Terms of reference that help describe the direction of body movements. The three planes of motion are sagittal, frontal, and horizontal. See also cardinal planes.
plantar flexion
Ankle extension of the foot downward, away from the shin.
pole plant
In relation to a pole touch, a pole plant is harder, more deliberate snow contact used to stabilize the upper body, manage momentum, and control rotation.
pole swing
The active movement of a ski pole to promote the timing and rhythm of turns. It helps direct the upper body into the next turn.
pole touch
The light touch of the pole tip in the snow, which, like pole swing, promotes the proper timing and rhythm of turns.
pressure
The amount of force distributed over a given area.
pressure control
Managing forces acting on the skis. Skiers manage the distribution of pressure along the length of the skis, transfer pressure from one ski to the other, and adjust the overall magni- tude of the forces acting on the skis. Pressure control is one of the skills of the PSIA Skills Concept.
pressure-control movements The movements required to manage forces acting on the skis, both along their length and from side-to-side; transferring pressure (as in ski to ski), and adjusting overall magnitude of the forces acting on skis. Movements that create, maintain, or reduce, the pressure of the skis on the snow. As one of the skills of the PSIA skills concept, pressure control is achieved through leverage, extension, flexion, and transfer of pressure from ski to ski, increasing and decreasing edge angle, muscle tension, and changing velocity, direction, turn shape, and size.
144 PSIA ALPINE TECHNICAL MANUAL powder
See snow types. practice
Repetition of movement patterns or other activities designed to develop or refine a skill. Student focus and instructor guidance and feedback are important parts of effective practice.
prescription phase
The phase in the movement analysis model in which student goals garnered from the observation and evaluation phases determine how to lead the student to a more advanced level.
posture
The way a skier stands, which may be effective or ineffective.
pop, POP
To extend the legs to help create lift off the ground (i.e., an ollie), or “center pop,” in which the skis leave the ground at once; or the energy created by the lip of a ramp; an acronym for “projection of primary” to describe the movements with which skiers and snowboarders move their CM to change the path, rotation, and orientation of the body while in the air or on a feature through a combination of tipping, turning, flexing, and extending movements.
professional development A systematic approach for increasing knowledge, skills, and abilities to become a better instructor.
progression
A sequence of acts, movements, or events that increase in difficulty and are designed to meet a goal. See also exercise line.
pronation
Movement that consists of dorsiflexion of the ankle and eversion and abduction of the foot.
PSIA (PSIA-AASI)
The acronym for the Professional Ski Instructors of America, which, with the American Association of Snowboard Instructors forms PSIA-AASI, a nonprofit education association of 31,700 snowsports professionals dedicated to creating life-changing experiences for others through snowsports instruction.
PSIA Alpine Team
The team of PSIA whose members promote, support, and help develop PSIA-AASI education programs and activities at all levels. In this role, they help train ski instructors throughout the United States.
p-tex
A type of polyethylene plastic used as base material for skis and snowboards.
pump
To drive the skis by extending then flexing the legs while riding on a clean edge. Used when skiing through a tran- sition in a halfpipe to accelerate and/or control the buildup of pressure.
Q-angle
The angle between the extended axes of the femur and the tibia, measured at mid-patella (kneecap). The angle is typically larger for women than men because women often have a relatively wider pelvis.
quarterpipe
A feature with the shape of one of the two walls of a halfpipe.
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