bones
The lightweight-yet-strong structure forming the body’s skeletal frame, which supports the body, protects vital organs, and provides attachment points for muscles and connective tissue.
boot alignment
Adjustments made to a skier’s footbed, cuff, and/or boot sole to achieve better body alignment.
bootboard (zeppa) angle The bootboard is the platform on which the foot rests in the boot, the angle of which is higher in the heel than in the forefoot (which aids fore/aft balance and hip position over the foot).
boot flex
The degree of resistance that a boot provides to movements of the ankle and lower leg. Because ski boots are designed to transfer energy to and from the skis, they should support certain movements of the ankle and lower leg but resist others. Proper flex is deter- mined by the skier’s weight, ability level, and typical skiing speed.
booting out
To skid or fall as a result of the boot(s) and/or binding(s) dragging in the snow when the skis are tilted on their edges.
boot shell
The outer casing of the boot, without the liner, which represents the overall size and shape characteristics of the boot.
box or funbox
A non-snow sliding feature, generally with a wide plastic sliding surface and coping on either side; the name comes from the fact that the supports for this sliding feature are an enclosed box.
brake/braking
To slow down by interrupting the flow of a turn; also the claw-like device of a ski binding that drags in the snow to stop a ski that’s been separated from the boot.
braking wedge
A tactical means of speed control, in which the skier increases the size of the wedge and degree of edge angle in order to slow down or stop.
break
To lose the mechanical advantage of proportional flexion by over-flexing a joint or joints; to over-flex a particular joint, often the hips, as compared to other joints involved in a movement.
bumps
See moguls. camber
The arched shape of an unweighted ski along its length, when viewed from the side; traditionally a slightly-bowed shape.
camber profile
The shape of an unweighted ski when viewed from the side, consisting of four broad camber profiles: traditional, rocker (reverse camber), hybrid (rocker/flat combinations), and flat camber.
cant
A wedge-shaped item that can be placed under a boot or binding to align the boot from side to side.
canting
The process of making lateral adjust- ments to skis, snowboard, binding, or boots for optimal alignment and effective edging. Canting is typically an exterior addition or subtraction to the equipment. The cuff adjustments that exist on a ski boot are primarily intended for lower leg alignment, not designed for canting purposes.
cap
A design whereby the top sheet and sidewall of a ski are formed from the same sheet of material.
CAP Model
A teaching model, the name of which is derived from the acronym for cognitive, affective, and physical, by which instruc- tors identify developmental issues related to different age groups.
cardinal planes
Imaginary boundaries dividing the body into anatomical sections, representing dynamic planes of motion. See also planes of motion.
check for understanding A component of the Teaching Cycle, in which the instructor determines whether students understand a task, exercise, or concept.
complex
The portion of an exercise line (or progression) in which skiers build upon the skills learned in stationary and simple exercises by practicing the movement at a non-threatening speed, on comfortable terrain.
centrifugal force
An outward-pushing force, felt by riders while moving in a circular motion (i.e., the arc of a turn). However, there is no real outward force acting, and centrifugal force is therefore known as a fictitious force.
centripetal force
A force on an object whose net direction is toward the center of a circle. In a turn, the lateral (sideways) force of the snow pushes against the edged skis or snowboard, parallel to the snow surface, and makes turning possible.
carved turns
To make turns with minimal skidding by tipping the skis on edge and allowing the shape of the ski to create a turn with minimal lateral slipping or skidding. Carved turns display clean, long arcs in the snow as the entire edge of the ski passes through the same point in the snow. A skidded turn, by contrast, utilizes more muscular rotary movements to cause the ski to turn.
cause-and-effect relationships An element of movement analysis in which the instructor evaluates the cause or origin of an action and its effect or result.
center of mass (CM)
The point at which the entire mass of the body may be considered to be concentrated. If the body is viewed as made up of many small elements of mass, the average location of these elemental masses is the CM. The CM location changes as body position changes and may even be located outside the body.
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