58 Focus on Sensor Technology


Monitoring Gas Emissions from Volcanoes to Predict Volcanic Activity , scientists hope to be able to better predict the likelihood of volcanic eruptions.


To understand and predict the behaviour of volcanoes an increasing number of scientists are combining geological monitoring and geochemical models. By measuring and monitoring the prevalence of gases like CO2


In 2010 Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted, releasing 250 million cubic metres of ash into the atmosphere. The eruption disrupted 100,000 fl ights and 10 million journeys, bringing the global aviation industry to a standstill and costing hundreds of millions of dollars. [1]


In the past predicting when one of the world’s 1,500 volcanoes is about to erupt has been based on monitoring and measuring the seismic activity around the site. However, since the 1970s correlation spectrometers have been used to measure the levels of sulfur dioxide in the volcanic plume as scientists began to understand that higher levels of gas emission from a volcanic site indicates a higher chance of eruption.


In more recent times, using geochemical models, a growing body of research and evidence shows measuring the levels of emitted CO2 an eruption.


can be used to predict the risk of


Sitting to the north of Sicily, Italy’s Mount Stromboli has erupted almost continuously for over 2,000 years. [2] This volatile island is the perfect environment for volcanologists to test their theories, confi dent that they won’t need to wait too long for an eruption.


When magma begins to rise to the surface its pressure decreases, releasing gases into the environment. This process, known as degassing, [4] releases volatiles into the air, including water (H2


O), carbon dioxide (CO2 sulphide (H2 S).


These gases escape through fumaroles, appearing as plumes of smoke. Scientists have discovered that by studying the composition of this gaseous mixture and monitoring fl uctuations in their composition, they may be better able to predict the likelihood of volcanic eruption.


Between 2007 and 2012 Italian scientists at the Stomboli Volcano [3] used fi xed cameras, a Multi-GAS analyser (to monitor SO2 and CO2


fl uxes) and continual fumerole temperature recording to monitor geological and geochemical variations at the site.


An Edinburgh Sensors’ Gascard NG gas sensor was used, within the Multi-Component Gas Analyser System (Multi-GAS), to calculate the CO2


provided CO2 of 0.1 ppm.


The Multi-GAS system allowed researchers to map the long-term CO2 trends at the volcano, establishing a mean value, and


recording variations. When considered with all other data collected at the site, analysis shows correlation between CO2 volcanic activity.


spikes and


Monitoring of the degassing activity can also help scientists gain an insight into the ‘plumbing system’ within a volcano. Beneath the surface, the variations in the structure of the earth, the storage of magma and its periodic recharging (as fresh magma is introduced) are all important processes which are important to monitor. CO2


monitoring enables researchers to defi ne and then


spot and track ‘signature’ styles of degassing in order to determine what is happening underground. 41950pr@reply-direct.com


New 5 Year Long Life Oxygen Sensor


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The OLCT 10N, from Oldham, is a digital detector designed for commercial or industrial use in ATEX zone 2 or 22 areas or in non- hazardous environments. The new design is lead free and has an operational life of fi ve years. It carries a 4-year warranty and completes the range of our current 2 year life O2 sensors.


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Associated with the MX43 controller, the OLCT 10N makes electrical installation easier with a fi eldbus network that allows for up to 30 detectors to be connected on the same line!


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Your fast track to quality gas sensor solutions


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concentrations within the volcanic fl ume. Located 2m inside the volcanic fracture, the automated instruments recordings within a measurement range of 0-3000 ppm; at an impressive accuracy range of ±2 % and a resolution


) sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) and hydrogen


Residential • Car Park Monitoring • Fire Detection Air Quality • Breath Monitoring • And More!


Euro-Gas gas sensors and circuitry offer unique features and potential advances for end product performance, ensuring cost effective, high quality solutions for detection equipment manufacturers and system installers.


Are you looking for gas sensors for new instrument development? Or a complete prebuilt and precalibrated circuit board ready to install into your own housing, with voltage, current or digital output? A wide range of gas sensing options is available for different measuring ranges and applications - from gas sensors and circuit boards to installation kits and housing.


For example, Carbon Monoxide (CO) monitoring in car parks, residential and fi re detection systems can specifi cally benefi t from our low cost two-electrode CO sensors. Guaranteed to operate continuously for over fi ve years, these sensors are a revolutionary, high performance electrochemical design. Such sensors can actually exceed lifetimes of 10 years in residential environments and are available as a single sensor or with circuitry to provide 4-20mA or digital output. Euro-Gas also offers a specifi c TÜV approved package for Carbon Monoxide detection, with conformity to VDI 2053 Standard, developed specifi cally for underground car park gas detection. This can be purchased as a circuit solution or as a complete fi xed gas detector.


Wide range of advanced quality gas sensors Current, voltage & digital circuitry options Installation, test kits & housing accessories


Unique sensor solutions to help your business build fi rst-class and cost-effective products


For medical applications, low Hydrogen cross-sensitive CO sensor models are available for the detection of Carbon Monoxide in air. The primary application of these sensors is for breath measurement, where Hydrogen presents an issue as a cross-interferent. Our sensors are at the heart of monitoring instruments in ‘stop smoking’ programmes worldwide.


The latest Carbon Dioxide (CO2


portable and battery powered instruments. Dual beam infrared is at the core of our housed CO2 air quality monitors, including our newest traffi c light indoor environmental system.


) infrared sensors deliver speed and low power consumption at 3.5mW; ideal for industrial and


Gas sensor solutions are also available for Hydrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen Sulphide, Nitrogen Dioxide, fl ammable and more exotic gas monitoring. New miniature digital i2c and voltage circuit boards are now optional for many of our three-electrode gas sensors.


Euro-Gas sensors and accessories suit a wide range of applications, including health & safety, air quality, HVAC, automotive, process control and more. Euro-Gas is also a worldwide specialist in personal gas detection equipment and product ranges are showcased at: www.euro-gasman.com.


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IET March / April 2017 www.envirotech-online.com


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We put the sense into gas sensors! 7073ad@reply-direct.com Euro-Gas Management Services Ltd.


Churston House, Bascombe Road, Churston Ferrers, Devon, TQ5 0JJ, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1803 844414 Fax: +44 (0)1803 844224 Email: sales@euro-gasman.com Website: www.euro-gasman.com


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