The acidification problem in Sweden in the 1980s was the beginning of the NEC (National Emission Ceiling) directive, which had the goal to reduce the 450’000 tonnes of emitted NOX
per
year (1980) to 148’000 tonnes by 2010 (“Information Facts of the Swedish Charge on Nitrogen Oxides”, Naturvårdsverket/Swedish EPA, March 2006). Sweden introduced a system for NOx 1991 where the operators monitor their emissions of NOx
-fee in and flue
gas flow. The monitoring system can measure only NO in some situations and NO2
is added as percentages of NO. Every year the
monitoring systems have to be controlled by an accredited stack tester. If the monitoring system is only able to determine NO, then the operator’s report uses a fixed percentage of NO2 NOX
among total to calculate the total NOX of NO2 emission. To measure the amount a two-channel analyser is used to eliminate temporal
variations. Till 2013 roughly 130’000 tons of overall NOX
-emissions were
achieved (“Greenhouse Emission Inventories 1990-2013”, National Inventory Report Sweden 2015, Naturvårdsverket). In order to achieve such a progress, reliable, precise and regulation conform measurement instrumentation is crucial. According to the EN 14211:2012 (ambient monitoring), EN 14792:2014 (stationary sources) standard reference methods, chemiluminescence detectors are essential. They are based on the equilibrium reaction between Nitrogen oxide (NO) and Ozone (O3
), which emits light.
The produced photons are multiplied and detected by a photo multiplier tube (PMT). The signal output is proportional to the NO-concentration. In order to detect other Nitrogen Oxygen based molecules in the sample (e.g. NOX
converted into Nitrogen oxide (NO) to be measurable. Vattenfall’s CHP Plant
Vattenfall’s power plant in Uppsala consists of various units to generate electricity and district heating for the community. As combustible materials, the power plant utilises household and industrial waste, as well as peat and wood chips. The new “waste burning unit” was completed in 2005 and is capable of burning 52 tons of waste per hour. The plant also have older waste incinerators, hot water boiler and a CHP. The “Combined Heat and Power plant” (CHP) transforms peat and wood chips into district heating and electricity.
Lime is used to reduce Sulphur emissions, while electro and textile filters remove particles from the flue gas. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) control systems are used for the control of NOX
-
emissions in flue gas from power plants and waste incinerators. The NOX
(NH3 90% NOX standardised measurement of NH3
-emission reduction requires the injection of Ammonia ) and /or urea into the flue gas, which can lead to a more than reduction efficiency. According to ISO 17179:2016, the is also a strongly strived goal in
control systems in order to minimise environmental impacts due to Ammonia and NOX
the future. It will support the effective operation and maintenance of NOX
. Peat will be phased out and should be replaced by 100% biomass burning in 2020. Once focused on
biomass combustion, the CHP plant will deliver an output of 90 MW of heat and 50 MW of electricity.
elements. Beyond the sample collection, the stack tester analyses and interprets the collected data, which is communicated with the facility operators and the local authorities. The data provides the direction to prevent air pollution by giving advice how to adjust the resource mixture within the incinerator. It ensures the compliance with air permits as well as with other community and state requirements. The stack tester schedule internal audit and maintain the awareness of new and revised regulations. Part of the emission monitoring system is ECO PHYSICS’ two channel, chemiluminescence based, NOX detects NO, NO2
and NOX
-analyser, the CLD822Mhr, which at concentrations up to 5000 ppm.
According to the sample conditions, an individual configuration of the instrument is necessary. For instance, a dual sample inlet, two parallel gas flow streams with heated sample lines, two reaction chambers with specialised metal converters, an internal pump and pressure regulation are installed.
A Whole New Level in Stack Testing Awaits
Task of a Stack Tester
Since the 1990s, the tightening European legal emission limits demand a continuous monitoring of key parameters by a third party. These parameters comprise Nitrogen oxides (NOX oxides (N2
Sulphur dioxide (SO2 in total), they need to be
O), Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Ozone (O3
), Carbon Monoxide (CO), ) and Particulate Matter (PM10,
PM2.5). Independent stack testers, such as METLAB, dispatch service vehicles and personnel to the CHP at Uppsala. Their equipment consists of a complete mobile emission monitoring system. The technician team is responsible for the sample collection on site at the facilities emission points, including tall stacks as well as any other exhausts exposed to environmental
), Nitrous
Based on the experience with the CLD822Mhr series among this and other industrial applications, ECO PHYSICS has developed the neoCLD800 series, which comes with a new line-up of features. It contains an internal data logger, a graphical user interface, processor controlled modular components and remote operation and control. The system operator is able to set an individual measurement- and service-management plan. Even if not present by himself, he can configure administrative rights to other users, for instance for service personnel on sight, by altering safety settings. For CHP operators and accredited stack testers, the neoCLD800 series will create a completely new perspective upon emission control management.
Author Contact Details Eco Physics AG • Bubikonerstrasse 45, 8635 Duernten, Switzerland • Tel +41 55 220 22 22 • Email:
info@ecophysics.com • Web:
www.ecophysics.com
www.envirotech-online.com IET March / April 2017
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