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10 Air Monitoring


New Study Reveals Air Pollution can Alter the Effectiveness of Antibiotics and Increases the Potential of Disease


Researchers from the University of Leicester have for the first time discovered that bacteria that cause respiratory infections are directly affected by air pollution - increasing the potential for infection and changing the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment.


The interdisciplinary study, which has been published in the journal Environmental Microbiology, has important implications for the treatment of infectious diseases, which are known to be increased in areas with high levels of air pollution.


The study looked into how air pollution affects the bacteria living in our bodies, specifically the respiratory tract – the nose, throat and lungs.


A major component of air pollution is black carbon, which is produced through the burning of fossil fuels such as diesel, biofuels, and biomass.


The research shows that this pollutant changes the way in which bacteria grow and form communities, which could affect how they survive on the lining of our respiratory tracts and how well they are able to hide from, and combat, our immune systems.


Dr Julie Morrissey, Associate Professor in Microbial Genetics in the University of Leicester’s Department of Genetics and lead author on the paper, said: “This work increases our understanding of how air pollution affects human health. It shows that the bacteria which cause respiratory infections are affected by air pollution, possibly increasing the risk of infection and the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment of these illnesses.


“Our research could initiate an entirely new understanding of how air pollution affects human health. It will lead to enhancement of research to understand how air pollution leads to severe respiratory problems and perturbs the environmental cycles essential for life.”


Dr Shane Hussey and Dr Jo Purves, the research associates working on the project said: “Everybody worldwide is exposed to air pollution every time they breathe. It is something we cannot limit our exposure to as individuals, but we know that it can make us ill. So we need to understand what it is doing to us, how it is making us unhealthy, and how we might be able to stop these effects.”


The research focused on two human pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which are both major causes of respiratory diseases and exhibit high levels of resistance to antibiotics.


The research team found that black carbon alters the antibiotic tolerance of Staphylococcus aureus communities and importantly increases the resistance of communities of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, the front line treatment of bacterial pneumonia.


Furthermore, it was found that black carbon caused Streptococcus pneumoniae to spread from the nose to the lower respiratory tract, which is a key step in development of disease.


Professors Julian Ketley, Professor of Bacterial Genetics, Department of Genetics and Peter Andrew, Professor of Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, said: “Urbanisation in megacities with extreme levels of air pollution are major risk factors for human health in many parts of the world. Our research seeks to lead and participate in international research consortia of biologists, chemists, clinician, social scientists and urban planners. Together we will investigate how increasing urbanisation promotes infectious disease.”


The World Health Organization describes air pollution as the “largest single environmental health risk”. Air pollution is thought to be responsible for at least 7 million deaths per year, which equates to an eighth of all global deaths.


The UK and many other countries around the world continue to breach the recommended pollution limits set by the World Health Organization.


Professor Paul Monks, Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Head of the College of Science and Engineering, who is a leading expert on air pollution added: “The lead investigators have brought together their expertise in genetics, microbiology and air pollution chemistry to provide truly multidisciplinary ground breaking insights.


“This research has significant potential to initiate a global research effort to understand a hitherto unknown effect of air pollution and provide significant additional impetus to the control of pollution.”


The four year study was conducted by a University of Leicester’s College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology PhD studentship, and research grants from The Leverhulme Trust and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).


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Gas sampling specialists JCT presents a complete portfolio of gas sampling probes with a new set of technical brochures available on the company’s website.


Beyond the wide range of gas sampling probes for typical gas analysis applications, like continuous emission monitoring (CEMS), JCT is well known for its flexibility in building reliable solutions for demanding applications like NOx monitoring in DeNOX applications. “During the past 20 years we built thousands of different gas sampling probes for various conditions,” says Günter Zimmel, CEO of JCT. “This includes very hot environments, sampling points in hazardous atmospheres (explosion protected zones / Ex proof) or sample gas with very high concentrations of dust or humidity.”


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Over the years JCT developed expertise for around 1000 different configurations including filters, filter cleaning devices (back purge and self-cleaning) or solutions to separate the sampling system from the process for maintenance work. “Every application and every process has special requirements and thanks to our many years of experience we are able to provide the right solution,” adds Berndt Vancl, head of the R&D team at JCT.


During the past months JCT compiled all technical facts and figures and is now providing a set of technical brochures that represent the capabilities of JCT’s JES-301 gas sampling probe family. “Finally we are now able to introduce the complete basic portfolio of gas sample probes to the market and support our international system integration partners in offering the right solution to their customers,” says CEO Zimmel proudly. Please [click here](https://jct-cems.com/ en/category/gas-sampling-probes/) for an overview of gas sampling probes.


True to the company claim ‘We stand for reliable transfer of sample gas from the stack to the analyser to ensure trustworthy results’, JCT offers also Heated Sample Gas Lines, Sample Gas Cooler and Sample Gas Conditioning Systems for the gas monitoring industry.


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Infrared Camera Shows ‘Invisible’ Vehicle Emissions


To raise awareness of the potentially fatal impacts of air pollution, a new video* from thermal imaging specialists FLIR Systems highlights how its GF Series Optical Gas Imaging cameras use IR technology to


visually demonstrate vehicle emissions and the resulting air pollution issues.


Recently the World Health Organisation


(WHO) announced that air pollution kills 16,000 British people a year. In order to raise awareness of the amount of pollution produced by vehicles, Professor of Air Quality at Kings College (London) Martin Williams proposes thermal imaging as a potential means to “see air pollution as its happening”.


Professor Williams commented “By using infrared technology you can physically see pollutants and how they spread from the source, into the air. Optical Gas Imaging (OGI) cameras based on infrared technology, that physically show pollution – whether fumes from a car, aeroplane or train – will help enormously in getting the message across”. With young children so vulnerable to pollution, Professor Williams said one of the major concerns centres on prams and push chairs being so close to vehicle exhaust level: “If parents could see what it looks like pushing their child through a band of raw pollution, they would take preventive action.”


While the World Health Organisation and other environmental groups are leading the way, and using cutting edge technology to track and monitor air pollution, this, according to FLIR Systems - Chris Brown, only scratches the surface when it comes to raising awareness about the harmful effects of air pollution and reducing its impact.


He added “Infrared technology, or thermal imaging, is really important in the context of air pollution as unfortunately, we are only born with five senses. In effect, infrared technology provides us with a sixth sense – allowing us to see air pollution before and while it’s happening.”


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Gas Sampling Probes for Every Application


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IET March / April 2017 www.envirotech-online.com For More Info, email:


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