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Appendix Characters used in the phylogenetic analysis
1. Cephalic convexity. 0, strongly convex with conspicuous anterior arch (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2b); 1, relatively flat with weak arch (e.g., Fig. 8.2, 8.5, 8.8).
2. Genal spine. 0, absent (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl., fig. 2a); 1, present (e.g., fig. 8.1)
4. Preglabellar furrow. 0, firmly impressed (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, border separated from glabella largely by change in slope (e.g., Fig. 8.1–8.7).
3. Genal spine length. 1, short (equal to less than cranidial length [sag.]) (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 5, fig. 3a); 2, long (length greater than cranidal length) (e.g., Fig. 8.1); ?, inapplicable.
5. Anterior expansion of glabella beyond L3. 0, strong (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, weak (e.g., Fig. 8.1, 8.7).
6. Minimum glabellar width. 0, at L2 (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl.1, fig. 2a); 1, at L1 (e.g., Fig. 8.1, 8.7, 8.11).
7. Shape of L3 lobe. 0, roughly even in length (exsag.) and subtrapezoidal in outline (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl., fig. 2a); 1, conspicuous adaxial taper in length (exsag.), with minimum adaxial length half or less
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of length at axial furrow, and subtriangular in outline (e.g., Fig. 8.1, 8.7).
8. Lengths (exsag.) of L1–L3 lobes. 0, roughly equal in length (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, L3 noticeably longer (e.g., Fig. 8.1, 8.7).
9. Apodemal pits in L3 at axial furrow. 0, absent (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl.1, fig. 2a); 1, present [note, often infilled with matrix] (Fig. 8.1)
10. Tuberculate sculpture on glabella. 0, weak or absent (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, well defined (e.g., Fig. 8.1).
11. Anterior glabellar embayment. 0, absent (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, present (e.g., Fig. 8.1–8.7) see text for further discussion).
12. Pair of conspicuous tubercles at edges of glabellar embayment. 0, absent (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl.1, fig. 2a); 1, present (e.g., Fig. 8.1–8.7).
13. Eye position. 0, abuts glabella anteriorly (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, separate from glabella anteriorly by strip of fixigena (e.g., Figs. 6.1, 8.4). Lésperance and Weissenberger (1998, p. 312) first noted that several species of Achatella possess eyes whose anterior tip reaches the axial furrow, including A. clivosa, A. retardata and A. kuckersianus. This state is shared with Ingriops and Pterygometopus, and is plesiomorphic.
14. Subocular furrow. 0, deep, well-defined groove (e.g., Jaanusson andRamsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2b; Fig. 8.9); 1, narrow, shallow groove (e.g., Fig. 6.7).
15. Palpebral lobe length. 0, extends from anterior tip of L1 to S3 (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, extends from posterior tip of L1 to L3 (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 5, fig. 1a); 2, extends from anterior tip of L2 or S2 to L3 (e.g., Fig. 8.11).
16. Posterior branches of sutures. 0, curved forward abaxially (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, nearly straight (e.g., Figs. 8.1, 9.2).
17. Outward curvature of cephalic margin behind suture. 0,
absent (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a; Fig. 5.3); 1, present (e.g., Figs. 6.1, 6.6, 8.1, 8.7, 9.2, 10.6).
18. Pygidial length. 0, short, rounded posteriorly, length/
width = 0.65 (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2b); 1, intermediate, rounded posteriorly, length/
width = 0.73 (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 5, fig. 1c); 2, long, rounded posteriorly. length/width = 0.85
19. Pleural field. 0, gently arched distally (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 1, fig. 2a); 1, nearly vertical flanks (e.g., Fig. 12.3, 12.8); 2, gently concave flanks (e.g., Jaa- nusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 5, fig. 2c).
or greater (e.g., Jaanusson and Ramsköld, 1993, pl. 5, fig. 2a); 3, long, pointed posteriorly, length/width =0.85 or greater (e.g., Fig. 12.4).
Accepted 1 June 2015
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