PEER-REVIEW | COMBINATIONAL AESTHETIC APPROACHES | in facial skin, fatty tissues, musculature, and bone
has initiated a trend towards a global, 3-dimensional, multi-faceted approach involving muscle control, volume restoration, and recontouring for optimal facial rejuvenation. With the many options available, a detailed facial analysis
and
documentation, in depth discussions of the potential alternatives, their chronical order and indications, safety aspects, costs, and lasting of results prior to any therapy is warranted
to
maximise patient satisfaction. An increasing body
of literature provides assistance for specific techniques
and
anticipated outcomes. Recommendations in various areas by well-known experts advocate certain procedures for specific indications and discuss potential orders of treatments. For example, 60% of the faculty joining a recently published consensus paper on BoNTA, HA dermal fillers, and combination therapies4
by BoNTA treatment when a combination approach is indicated. The committee also agreed that the malar contour should be restored first, followed by the orbital-malar groove and the nasojugal fold, since the
References
1. Lewis CD, Perry JD. A paradigm shift: volume augmentation or ‘inflation’ to obtain optimal cosmetic results. Current opinion in ophthalmology. 2009;20:389- 394.
2. Dulguerov N, D’Souza A. Update on treatment rationale and options for the ageing face. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery. 2011;19:269-275.
3. Sadick NS, Manhas-Bhutani S, Krueger N. A novel approach to structural facial volume replacement. Aesthetic plastic surgery. 2013;37:266-276.
4. Carruthers JD, Glogau RG, Blitzer A. Advances in facial rejuvenation: botulinum toxin type a, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies--consensus recommendations. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 2008; 121:5S-30S; quiz 31S-36S
5. Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin type A treatment of multiple upper facial sites: patient-reported outcomes. Dermatologic surgery: official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery 2007; 33: S10-17
6. Binder WJ. Long-term effects of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) on facial lines: a comparison in identical twins. Archives of facial plastic surgery 2006; 8(6):426-431
52 ❚
7. Vartanian AJ, Dayan SH. Complications of botulinum toxin A use in facial rejuvenation. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America 2005; 13(1):1-10
8. Carruthers JA, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2002; 46(6): 840-849
9. Funt D, Pavicic T. Dermal fillers in aesthetics: an overview of adverse events and treatment approaches. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology 2013; 6: 295-316
10. Pickett A. Serious issues relating to counterfeit dermal fillers available from Internet sources. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011; 65(3): 642-643
11. Olenius M. The first clinical study using a new biodegradable implant for the treatment of lips, wrinkles, and folds. Aesthetic plastic surgery 1998; 22(2): 97-101
12. Kulichova D, Borovaya A, Ruzicka T, Thomas P, Gauglitz GG. Understanding the safety and tolerability of facial filling therapeutics. Expert opinion on drug safety 2014; 13: 1215-1226
13. Tezel A, Fredrickson GH. The science of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Journal of
cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology 2008; 10: 35-42
14. Yutskovskaya Y, Kogan E, Leshunov E. A randomized, split-face, histomorphologic study comparing a volumetric calcium hydroxylapatite and a hyaluronic acid-based dermal filler. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD 2014; 13: 1047-1052
15. Greco TM, Antunes MB, Yellin SA. Injectable fillers for volume replacement in the aging face. Facial plastic surgery: FPS 2012; 28: 8-20
16. De Boulle K, Glogau R, Kono T, et al. A review of the metabolism of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether-crosslinked hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery 2013; 39: 1758-1766
17. Bass LS, Smith S, Busso M, McClaren M. Calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for treatment of nasolabial folds: long-term safety and efficacy results. Aesthetic surgery journal / the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic surgery 2010; 30: 235-238
18. Berlin A, Cohen JL, Goldberg DJ. Calcium hydroxylapatite for facial rejuvenation. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery 2006; 25: 132-137
19. Mest DR, Humble GM. Duration of correction for human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy after
retreatment with injectable poly-L-lactic acid. Aesthetic plastic surgery 2009; 33: 654-656
20. Mazzuco R, Hexsel D. Poly-L-lactic acid for neck and chest rejuvenation. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery 2009; 35: 1228-1237
21. Haneke E. Polymethyl methacrylate microspheres in collagen. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery 2004; 23: 227-232
22. Goldberg DJ. Breakthroughs in US dermal fillers for facial soft-tissue augmentation. Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology 2009; 11: 240-247
23. Carruthers A, Carruthers JD. Polymethylmethacrylate microspheres/ collagen as a tissue augmenting agent: personal experience over 5 years. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery 2005; 31: 1561-1564; discussion 1565
24. Coleman SR. Structural fat grafting: more than a permanent filler. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 2006; 118: 108S-120S
25. Glasgold M, Lam SM, Glasgold R. Autologous fat grafting for cosmetic
enhancement of the perioral region. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America 2007; 15: 461-470, vi
26. Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE. The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 2007; 119: 2219-2227; discussion 2228-2231
27. Sadick N. Tissue tightening technologies: fact or fiction. Aesthetic surgery journal / the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic surgery 2008; 28: 180-188
28. Alam M, Dover JS, Arndt KA. To ablate or not: a proposal regarding nomenclature. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011; 64: 1170-1174
29. Trelles MA, Alvarez X, Martin-Vazquez MJ, et al. Assessment of the efficacy of nonablative long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser treatment of wrinkles compared at 2, 4, and 6 months. Facial plastic surgery: FPS 2005; 21: 145-153
30. Trelles MA, Allones I, Luna R. Facial rejuvenation with a nonablative 1320 nm Nd:YAG laser: a preliminary clinical and histologic evaluation. Dermatologic surgery: official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery 2001; 27:1 11-116
31. Manstein D, Herron GS, Sink RK, Tanner H, Anderson RR. Fractional photothermolysis: a new concept for
lifting effect usually leads to a diminution of the nasolabial folds itself. Others suggest specific injection access points for optimal volume augmentation26
. Indeed, the scientific
and clinical evidence on BoNTA and fillers has very much improved over recent years while the wide field of technologies assuring improvement of skin surface, collagen loss, and skin tightening
remains
relatively unclear. Non-ablative
skin
tightening technologies offer the prospect of reduction of wrinkles and skin sagging with minimal downtime, discomfort, and risk of adverse events. The excellent safety profile is
frequently mitigated by the limited efficacy of such procedures.
Ablative CO2
modalities (chemical peels, and Er:YAG laser therapy)
have demonstrated superior efficacy in treating rhytides in the ageing face. However, due to the removal of the epidermis, prolonged erythema, infections, scarring, and permanent pigmentary changes may be faced. Here, fractional
use fillers first followed
Thread lifting and injection lipolysis represent promising minimally invasive procedures.
photothermolysis enables the delivery of dermal coagulative injury without confluent epidermal damage, thus decreasing the risks of scarring as well as decreasing the downtime associated with traditional ablative resurfacing while providing
March 2015 |
prime-journal.com
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96